Reproductive and Urinary Systems Overview

Reproductive System

System responsible for producing new individuals.

Testes

Male reproductive glands producing sperm and hormones.

Scrotum

Pouch containing the testes outside the body.

Sperm Cells

Male gametes that determine baby's sex.

Acrosome

Cap of sperm containing enzymes for egg penetration.

Epididymis

Storage site for mature sperm cells.

Vas Deferens

Tube transporting sperm from epididymis to urethra.

Seminal Vesicles

Glands secreting fluid to nourish and protect sperm.

Prostate Gland

Gland producing fluid that nourishes sperm.

Bulbourethral Glands

Glands secreting fluid to neutralize acidity.

Testosterone

Steroid hormone essential for sperm production.

GnRH

Hormone stimulating testosterone production in males.

FSH

Hormone stimulating egg development in females.

LH

Hormone triggering ovulation and hormone production.

Ovaries

Female reproductive glands producing egg cells.

Oocytes

Immature egg cells in the ovaries.

Oviduct

Tube transporting egg from ovary to uterus.

Cervix

Narrow opening from uterus to vagina.

Estrogen

Hormone promoting uterine lining growth and ovulation.

Progesterone

Hormone maintaining uterine lining post-ovulation.

Menstrual Cycle

Monthly cycle involving egg development and shedding.

Fertilization

Process where sperm and egg unite.

Zygote

Fertilized egg formed after sperm penetrates egg.

Zygote

Fertilized egg undergoing first mitosis after 30 hours.

Morula

Solid ball of cells formed by day three.

Blastocyst

Hollow ball of cells by day five.

Endometrium

Uterine lining where blastocyst implants.

Implantation

Blastocyst fully attaches by day ten.

Extraembryonic membranes

Four membranes supporting embryo development.

Amnion

Membrane surrounding the embryo, providing protection.

Chorion

Outer membrane forming part of the placenta.

Yolk sac

Provides nutrients to the embryo in early stages.

Allantois

Membrane involved in waste management for embryo.

Placenta

Organ providing nutrients and oxygen to fetus.

Chorionic villi

Finger-like projections into uterine wall for nutrient exchange.

Umbilical cord

Connects fetus to placenta for nutrient transport.

First trimester

Period of organ and tissue development.

Fetus

Term for embryo after eight weeks.

Second trimester

Growth period with detectable fetal heartbeat.

Third trimester

Rapid growth and fat accumulation in fetus.

Ultrasound

Sound wave procedure to monitor fetal health.

Amniocentesis

Fluid analysis from amniotic sac in second trimester.

Chorionic villus sampling

Cell analysis from chorion in first trimester.

Labor

Beginning of the birthing process.

Dilation

Cervix opening in preparation for birth.

Expulsion stage

Mother pushes baby through vagina.

Placental stage

Detachment of placenta and membranes post-birth.

Infancy

First two years of human life.

Adolescence

Growth period from childhood to adulthood.

Puberty

Developmental stage marking adolescence onset.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Infections transmitted through sexual contact.

Urinary System

Also known as the excretory system.

Kidneys

Bean-shaped organs that filter blood.

Bladder

Stores urine until excretion.

Urethra

Tube through which urine exits the body.

Ureters

Tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder.

Meatus

Opening through which urine is expelled.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of water and pH balance.

Nitrogenous Waste

Toxic byproducts removed via urine.

Reabsorption

Process of retaining essential substances during urine formation.

Nephrons

Functional units of the kidneys, over 1 million per kidney.

Glomerulus

Capillary network where blood filtration begins.

Bowman's Capsule

Surrounds the glomerulus, collecting filtered fluid.

Renal Artery

Supplies blood to the kidneys.

Renal Vein

Carries filtered blood away from the kidneys.

Renal Cortex

Outer protective layer of the kidney.

Renal Medulla

Inner soft portion of the kidney.

Hilum

Depression where blood vessels and ureters enter kidneys.

Urine Production

Filtration of water, salts, and waste products.

Filtration

Process of separating waste from blood in kidneys.

Urine Flow

Pathway of urine from kidneys to bladder.

Daily Blood Filtration

Kidneys filter about 1700 liters of blood daily.

Ureters

Tubes transporting urine from kidneys to bladder.

Urinary Bladder

Muscular organ storing urine until excretion.

Peristalsis

Rhythmic contractions moving urine through ureters.

Trigone

Triangular area where ureters enter bladder.

Urethra

Tube carrying urine from bladder to outside.

Female Urethra

Approximately 1.5 inches long, shorter than male.

Male Urethra

Approximately 8 inches long, passes through prostate.

Micturition

Process of excreting urine from the body.

Urologists

Physicians specializing in urinary and reproductive disorders.

Urinalysis

Examination of urine's physical and chemical properties.

Normal Urine

Straw-colored, clear, with pH 4.6-8.0.

Glucose in Urine

Indicates potential diabetes or kidney issues.

Casts

Microscopic cylindrical structures in urine, indicating disease.

Albumin in Urine

Protein indicating kidney damage or disease.

Blood in Urine

Sign of infection, injury, or kidney disease.

Ketones in Urine

Indicates fat metabolism, often in diabetes.

Phenylketones (PKU)

Abnormal metabolites indicating metabolic disorder.

Bilirubin in Urine

Indicates liver dysfunction or hemolysis.

Dialysis

Process of filtering blood when kidneys fail.

Hemodialysis

Blood filtering using an artificial kidney machine.

Peritoneal Dialysis

Dialysis solution inserted into peritoneal cavity.

Hydronephrosis

Swelling of kidneys due to urine buildup.

Kidney Stones

Hard mineral deposits causing urinary obstruction.

Pyelonephritis

Kidney infection often caused by bacteria.

Incontinence

Inability to control urination.

Neurogenic Bladder

Bladder dysfunction due to nerve damage.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of kidney's filtering units.