Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases Overview

Emerging Diseases

Infectious diseases increasing after new host introduction.

Reemerging Diseases

Infectious diseases increasing in existing hosts.

Zoonosis

Infection transmissible from animals to humans.

Zoonotic Diseases

Diseases from animals affecting humans, ~58% pathogens.

Spillover

Pathogen transfer between different host species.

Emergence

Pathogen establishment in a new host.

Superspreaders

Individuals spreading disease more than typical cases.

Transmission Methods

Ways zoonoses spread to humans.

Reservoir

Habitat where infectious agents live and multiply.

Vector

Living carrier transporting infectious agents.

Vector Examples

Rodents, bats, mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.

Vector-Borne Diseases

Diseases transmitted by vectors like mosquitoes.

Malaria

Disease affecting 40% of the global population.

Malaria Endemic Regions

Areas where malaria is commonly found.

Malaria Death Toll

Annual deaths reach up to 1 million.

Plasmodium falciparum

Most deadly malaria parasite.

Economic Cost of Malaria

$1.8 billion estimated cost in Africa (1995).

Malaria Transmission

Involves mosquitoes and Plasmodium parasites.

Control Methods for Malaria

Treatments, insecticides, bednets, and vaccines.

DDT Use

Indoor insecticide use for malaria control.

GM Mosquitoes

Genetically modified mosquitoes for disease control.

Infectious Agents of Malaria

Includes Plasmodium species causing malaria.

Plasmodium vivax

Second most common malaria parasite.

Plasmodium malariae

One of the malaria-causing parasites.

Plasmodium ovale

Malaria parasite with less severe impact.

Plasmodium knowlesi

Malaria parasite primarily in Southeast Asia.

Malaria Prevention

Includes treated bednets and insecticide use.

Airport malaria

Malaria cases linked to international travel.

Congenital malaria

Malaria transmitted from mother to fetus.

Transfusion-transmitted malaria

Malaria spread through infected blood transfusions.

Arboviral diseases

Viral diseases transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods.

Vectors

Organisms like mosquitoes that transmit diseases.

Acute CNS illness

Severe headache indicating central nervous system infection.

Hemorrhagic fevers

Fever accompanied by bleeding symptoms.

Polyarthritis

Joint inflammation with or without fever.

Arboviral encephalitides

Viruses causing inflammation of brain and spinal cord.

St. Louis encephalitis

Virus causing neurological disease, transmitted by mosquitoes.

West Nile Fever

Mosquito-borne disease with varying health effects.

Dengue Fever

Caused by flavivirus, primarily in tropical areas.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)

Severe form of dengue with bleeding and shock risk.

Case-fatality rate

Percentage of deaths from a specific disease.

Yersinia pestis

Bacterium causing plague, transmitted by fleas.

Bubo

Swollen lymph node characteristic of bubonic plague.

Pneumonic plague

Lung infection transmitted through respiratory droplets.

Incubation period

Time from exposure to onset of symptoms.

Vector control

Methods to reduce disease-carrying organism populations.

Sentinel chickens

Chickens used for surveillance of mosquito-borne diseases.

Standing water

Breeding ground for mosquitoes, should be drained.

Protective clothing

Clothing worn to prevent insect bites.

Insecticide-treated nets

Mosquito nets treated to kill or repel insects.

Dawn/dusk exposure

: Times when mosquitoes are most active.

Rodent reservoirs

Small mammals that harbor plague bacteria.

Flea species

Various fleas that transmit plague to humans.

Case fatality rate

Percentage of deaths from a disease, >50% for plague pneumonia.

Bartonellosis

Infection caused by Bartonella species, includes trench fever.

Trench fever

Caused by B. quintana, transmitted by lice.

Cat-scratch disease

Caused by B. henselae, transmitted by cat scratches.

Signs of Bartonellosis

Fever, headache, fatigue, depression, rashes.

Arthropod vectors

Organisms transmitting diseases, e.g., lice, fleas, ticks.

Risk factors for Bartonellosis

Veterinary work, animal rescue, pet ownership.

Antibiotics for Bartonellosis

Levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, azithromycin.

Lyme disease

Bacterial infection from Borrelia burgdorferi via tick bites.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted by ticks.

Symptoms of RMSF

Fever, severe headache, nausea, rash.

Diagnosis of RMSF

History of tick bites and symptom assessment.

Ehrlichiosis

Infection by Ehrlichia, resembles RMSF without rash.

Anaplasmosis

Infection by Anaplasma, similar symptoms to Ehrlichiosis.

Human Babesiosis

Tickborne disease caused by Babesia protozoa.

Symptoms of Babesiosis

Fever, chills, hemolytic anemia, jaundice.

Diagnosis of Babesiosis

Microscopy, antibody testing, PCR methods.

Emerging zoonoses

New or re-emerging diseases affecting animals and humans.

Factors for zoonoses rise

Ecological changes, population growth, climate change.

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Severe respiratory disease from hantavirus exposure.

Symptoms of HPS

Fatigue, fever, myalgia, cough, fluid in lungs.

Control of rodent-borne diseases

Remove harborage, eliminate entry points, trapping.

Other zoonotic diseases

Includes Nipah virus, monkeypox, rabies, tularemia.

Control of tick-borne diseases

Avoid habitats, inspect pets, use repellents.

Case fatality rate of HPS

Approximately 38% among infected individuals.

Bartonella species

Includes B. quintana, B. henselae, and others.