anatomy unit 2

plasma membrane

A semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

What is selective permeability?

Some things are 'allowed' to pass through.

What is intracellular fluid?

Fluid within the cell.

What is interstitial fluid?

Fluid outside of the cell.

What is extracellular matrix?

Molecules on the outside of the cell that provide support for the cell.

What is osmosis?

Simple and facilitated diffusion of water (high water potential -> low water potential).

What is simple diffusion?

Unassisted; small and lipid soluble molecules can pass through.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Larger/lipid insoluble molecules require a protein channel to pass through membrane.

What is filtration?

Water and solutes pushed through the membrane using fluid or hydrostatic pressure.

What is solute pumping?

Amino acids, sugars, and ions are transported against concentration gradients using protein carriers fueled by ATP.

What is bulk transport?

Movement of macromolecules in/out of the cell using ATP.

What is endocytosis?

Substances outside the cell are engulfed and enclosed by part of the cell.

What is exocytosis?

Move material out of the cell.

What is phagocytosis?

Cell eating.

What is another name for the cell membrane?

The plasma membrane.

Name the 3 ways cells bind together.

Gap junction, tight junctions, desmosomes.

What level of permeability do tight junctions have?

Selective permeability.

What is the purpose of a tight junction? Give two examples of tissues where your body needs this type of cellular junctions.

Create a leak proof lining. Located in the epithelia (outer layer of skin). Located in the endothelial lining.

Define desmosomes.

A structure that attaches two adjacent membranes to hold them together.

What types of organs do you find with desmosome junctions and why?

Found in cells that experience mechanical stress, like the heart and cervix.

What is the function of a gap junction?

Connect cytoplasm of adjoining cells.

What can pass through a gap junction?

Ions, small cells, water.

What types of organs do you find with gap junctions and why?

Nervous system, cardiac muscle tissue & smooth tissue.

What is the difference between active and passive transport processes?

Active transport requires energy, passive transport does not.

What two structural characteristics of cell membranes determine if substances can pass through them passively?

Permeability of the membrane and existence of transport proteins.

What determines whether or not a substance can be actively transported through the membrane?

Enough energy and presence of specific transport proteins.

By what process does water cross the cell membrane?

Osmosis.

In which direction does water move across membranes, up or down the concentration gradient?

Water moves down the concentration gradient.

Define the following prefixes: Hyper-

High or above.

Define the following prefixes: Hypo-

Low or below.

Define the following prefixes: Iso-

Equal.

Explain the effect of the following solutions on living cells: Hypertonic

Causes cell to shrink.

Explain the effect of the following solutions on living cells: Hypotonic

Causes cell to swell.

Explain the effect of the following solutions on living cells: Isotonic

Stays the same.

Why is it important that an IV, under most circumstances, be isotonic?

To prevent dehydration or overhydration.

Define the term: Tissue

Group of cells with similar functions and structure.

Define the term: Basement membrane

Support structure for epithelial tissue.

Define the term: Apical (region)

Region that forms a tip or is distal to the base.

Define the term: Histology

Study of the microscopic structures of tissue.

Define the term: Matrix

Tissue in which more specialized structures are embedded.

Define the term: Avascular

Does not have a blood supply.

What are the 4 main tissue types?

Connective, Muscle, Nervous, and Epithelial

Which is the most widely distributed in the body?

Epithelial

Describe the general characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Closely packed cells, avascular, selectively permeable

How are epithelial tissue classified? (give two criteria)

Shape and number of cell layers

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory

How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

Exocrine secretes substances into a duct system attached to the epithelial surface. Endocrine secretes substances straight into the bloodstream

What are the general structural characteristics of connective tissues?

Variety of cells, collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, significant amount of extracellular matrix

What are the functions of connective tissues?

Structural support and connection

Name the connective tissue type that best fits the following descriptions (use word bank): Provides great strength through parallel bundles of collagenic fibers; found in tendons

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Name the connective tissue type that best fits the following descriptions (use word bank): Acts as a storage depot for fat

Adipose connective tissue

Name the connective tissue type that best fits the following descriptions (use word bank): Composes the dermis of the skin

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Name the connective tissue type that best fits the following descriptions (use word bank): Forms the bony skeleton

Osseous tissue

Name the connective tissue type that best fits the following descriptions (use word bank): Composes the basement membrane and packages organs; includes a gel-like matrix with all categories of fibers and many cell types

Areolar connective tissue

Name the connective tissue type that best fits the following descriptions (use word bank): Forms the embryonic skeleton and surfaces of bones at the joints; reinforces the trachea

Hyaline cartilage

Name the connective tissue type that best fits the following descriptions (use word bank): Provides insulation for the body

Adipose connective tissue

Name the connective tissue type that best fits the following descriptions (use word bank): Structurally amorphous matrix, heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth

Hyaline cartilage

Neoplasm

New + abnormal growth of tissue (tumor)

Benign

Non-cancerous (doesn't spread)

Malignant

Cancerous, spreads through rapid cell division

Metastasize

Travels through blood

Hyperplasia

Enlargement of an organ or tissue due to an increase in cells, usually a sign of development of cancer

Atrophy

Decline in effectiveness due to degeneration of cells

Differentiate

Specialization of stem cells

Pluripotent

Embryonic stem cells

Multipotent

Adult stem cells - specialize within an organ/tissue

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Fertility treatment that combines the egg and sperm outside of the body

does epithelial tissue regenerate easily?

yes

Does epithelial tissue have blood supply?

No, it is avascular

Does connective tissue have its own blood supply?

YES, except ligaments

Does nervous tissue have a blood supply?

no

What is Simple Squamous epithelium?

1 layer of flat cells lining lungs, body cavities, and capillaries.

What is Simple Cuboidal epithelium?

1 layer of cube-ish cells found in glands and ducts, and covers the ovaries.

What is Simple Columnar epithelium?

1 layer of tall cells with goblet cells that produce mucus, found in the digestive lining.

What is Stratified Squamous epithelium?

Protective epithelium with flat cells, commonly found in skin, mouth, and esophagus.

What is Stratified Cuboidal epithelium?

Epithelium with 2 layers of cuboidal cells, rare and found in ducts of large glands.

What is Stratified Columnar epithelium?

Epithelium with columnar cells at the surface and varied sizes and shapes underneath, rare and found in ducts of large glands.

What is Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium?

Epithelium with 1 layer of various sized cells, involved in absorption and secretion.

What is Transitional epithelium?

Epithelium that changes shape with stretching, lines the urinary system.

What is Glandular Epithelium?

Epithelium that includes endocrine and exocrine glands. Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones, while exocrine glands have ducts that connect to the epithelial surface and secrete substances like sweat and oil.

What is Skeletal muscle?

Voluntarily controlled muscle with striated cells that attach to connective tissue, has multi-nucleus cells, and helps sustain body posture and position.

What is Cardiac muscle?

Involuntarily controlled muscle with striated cells that attach to other cardiac muscle cells, found only in the heart, and has a single nucleus per cell. It pumps blood.

What is Smooth muscle?

Involuntarily controlled muscle with no visible striations, attaches to other smooth muscle cells, has a single nucleus per cell, and surrounds hollow organs.

Allows for organ movements within the body

Epithelium

Transmits electrochemical impulses

Nervous

Supports body organs

Connective

Cells of this tissue may absorb and/pr secrete substances

Epithelium

Basis of the major controlling system of the body

Nervous

The cells of this tissue shorten to exert force

Muscle

Forms hormones

Epithelium

Packages and protects body organs

Connective

Characterized by having large amounts of nonliving matrix

Connective

Allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and shoot an arrow

Muscle

Most widely distributed tissue type in the body

Connective

Forms the brain and spinal cord

Nervous

Lines the esophagus and forms the skin epidermis

Stratified Squamous

Forms the lining of the stomach and small intestine

Simple Columnar

Best suited for areas subjected to friction

Stratified squamous

Lines much of the respiratory tract

Simple Squamous

Propels substances across its surface

Pseudostratified columnar