APUSH period 7A study guide

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power over other nations through military, political, or economic control.

Jingoism

The EXTREME patriotic and aggressive nationalism favoring war or military action to expand influence.

Seward's Folly

The purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 by the U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward for 7.2 million.

Hawaiian Revolution

When the American business overthrew queen liliuokalani in 1893, with help from the U.S marines.

John Stevens

The U.S. minister to the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1889 to 1893 who supported American annexation of Hawaii.

Bayonet Constitution

A constitution forced on the King of Hawaii by American and European businessmen and militia under the THREAT OF FORCE.

Stanford Dole

He helped the U.S overthrow the Queen in 1893 and was named president of Hawaii after the United States annexation.

Key Concept 7.1

Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system.

Muckrakers

A term used to call journalists and writers during the progressive era working to reform a specific part and to raise awareness.

Jacob Riis

A muckraker working to improve social welfare in the USA, known for his book 'How the Other Half Lives'.

How the Other Half Lives

A book by Jacob Riis that illustrated urban crime and living conditions, raising awareness for better housing.

Lincoln Steffens

An American journalist and muckraker who exposed corruption in government and politics.

Shame of the Cities

A book by Lincoln Steffens that showcased political corruption in major U.S. cities.

Upton Sinclair

A muckraker and author of the book 'The Jungle', highlighting unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry.

The Jungle

A book by Upton Sinclair that led to boycotts of meat packing firms and the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act.

Ida Tarbell

A journalist known for her work as a muckraker, particularly on the topic of Standard Oil.

A History of Standard Oil

A work by Ida Tarbell that investigated the practices of the Standard Oil Company.

The History of Standard Oil

Book that exposed the Standard Oil industry and their manipulative techniques to power, leading to stronger antitrust laws.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Legislation enacted to stop monopolistic industries.

David G. Phillips

American muckraking journalist who exposed corruption in the U.S Senate through his book 'The Treason of the Senate'.

The Treason of the Senate

A series of articles by David G. Phillips revealing how big businesses bribed senators.

17th Amendment

Amendment that established the direct election of U.S senators.

Ray Stannard Baker

American journalist muckraker who influenced social reform and examined race relations.

Following the Colored Line

Book by Ray Stannard Baker that illustrated themes like lynching, Jim Crow laws, and economic disparities.

John Spargo

American journalist and author of 'The Bitter Cry of the Children'.

The Bitter Cry of the Children

Book that exposed the harsh conditions of child labor in factories and mines.

Jane Addams

American social reformer known for her work with Hull House.

Settlement House Movement

Social reform movement that created community centers in poor urban areas to help immigrants and the working class.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916

Legislation that banned interstate commerce of goods produced by children under certain ages.

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

Legislation that set minimum working age and hours for children.

Florence Kelley

Member of the National Consumer League who worked to improve wages and working conditions for women and children.

Illinois Factory Act

Legislation that banned child labor in Illinois.

Mann Elkins Act

Made it illegal for railroads to give rebates to large companies for shipping goods.

Lochner v. New York 1905

Supreme Court case where the court found a law limiting bakers' hours unreasonable, prioritizing freedom of contract.

Muller v. Oregon 1908

Supreme Court case that upheld a law limiting women's working hours to protect their health.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Disaster in NYC that killed 146 workers due to lack of emergency exits.

Pure Food and Drug Act

This law halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling. The act did not ban harmful products outright.

Meat Inspection Act

This law dictated cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection.

Food and Drug Administration

Established after public outrage regarding unsanitary practices in meat packing factories.

Northern Securities case

A big railroad company called the northern securities company formed to control several major railroads in the Northwest, creating a monopoly that violated the Sherman Antitrust act. The supreme court ruled against the company, leading to its breakup.

Anthracite Coal strike 1902

Coal miners in PA went on a strike for higher wages, shorter workdays, and union recognition. Roosevelt intervened as mediator, marking the first time the federal government acted as a neutral party in a labor dispute.

Elkins Act

1903, this law made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads. The act also specified that railroads could not change set rates without notifying the public.

Hepburn Act

It expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), granting the ICC the authority to set maximum railroad rates and regulate industry to curb monopoly practices and ensure fair pricing.

Children's Bureau

A U.S government agency created in 1912 to investigate and improve the welfare of children and mothers, including child labor, infant mortality, and maternal health.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

This act under Woodrow Wilson banned products that used child labor from being sold outside the state to control the spread of child labor.

Adamson Eight-Hour Act

Established 8 hour workdays for railroad workers in the USA, responding to growing labor unrest and the threat of a nationwide railroad strike.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by stopping corporations from buying competitors' stock to prevent monopolism.

Federal Trade Commission

A U.S. government agency created in 1914 to protect consumers and maintain competition in business, preventing unfair business practices and monopolies.

Federal Reserve Act

In 1913, divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each district, allowing them to print money in emergencies.

16th Amendment

Allowed the government to directly collect money from wealthy industrial companies.

18th Amendment

Legally banned the consumption of alcohol.

Volstead Act

Enacted in 1919 to enforce the 18th amendment, prohibiting manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Preservationists

people who want to protect natural or historical areas from change, development, or destruction.

Conservationists

Supported the establishment of national parks while advocating for different government responses to the overuse of natural resources.

Yellowstone National Park

The first national park in the US and world, created in 1872 to protect natural wonders such as hotsprings, forests, and wildlife.

Yosemite National Park

A national park in California established in 1890, known for its cliffs and wildlife, and supported by John Muir.

John Muir

A naturalist, writer, and conservationist who founded the Sierra Club to protect wilderness areas in the U.S.

Sierra Club

An environmental organization founded by John Muir to protect wilderness areas in the U.S.

National Conservation Commission

A federal commission created by President Roosevelt to assess and manage the nation's natural resources.

National Forest Service

A federal agency created to manage and protect national forests and grasslands, part of Roosevelt's conservation efforts.

Gifford Pinchot

The first U.S. forest service chief under President Roosevelt, who supported conservation and wise use of resources.

Newland Reclamations Act

A federal law that funded irrigation projects in the Western U.S. to transform dry lands into productive farmland.

Hetch-Hetchy Controversy

A dispute over building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley, highlighting the conflict between preservation and resource use.

Ballinger/Pinchot Controversy

A dispute between Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger and Gifford Pinchot over the use of public land for mining.

National Park Service

A federal agency created to manage and protect U.S. national parks, established under President Wilson.

Progressives

A political movement that sought to address social issues, with divisions over various policies including segregation and immigration.

WEB Du Bois

A civil rights leader who co-founded an organization to fight racial discrimination and promote equality for African Americans.

IDA B Wells

A civil rights activist known for her work in fighting racism and promoting voting rights for African Americans.

Civil Rights Organization

An organization aimed at fighting racial discrimination and promoting equality, particularly for African Americans.

Segregation

The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.

Voting Rights

The rights of individuals to vote in political elections, often a focus of civil rights activism.

20th Century Civil Rights Progress

The advancements made in the fight against racial discrimination and for equality during the 1900s.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

A civil rights organization in the U.S. aimed at eliminating racial discrimination.

Robert LaFollette

A senator from Wisconsin who implemented the Wisconsin idea, allowing U.S. citizens to initiate laws such as ballots.

Wisconsin Idea

A political initiative that promoted direct democracy through initiative, recall, referendum, direct primary, and direct election of senators under the 17th amendment.

Socialist Party

A political organization advocating for socialism, where production is controlled by the state, led by Eugene Debs.

Eugene Debs

A leader of the Socialist Party who advocated for workers' rights and socialism.

Collective Bargaining

A process where workers negotiate with employers about wages, conditions, and benefits, empowering workers and preventing labor strikes.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

A radical labor union aiming to unite all workers, skilled and unskilled, opposing capitalism and advocating for better wages and workers' rights.

Initiative

A process allowing citizens to vote directly on laws and amendments, promoting democracy.

Referendum

A process allowing citizens to vote on initiatives that have already been passed by the legislature.

Recall

A process enabling voters to remove elected officials from office, ensuring accountability.

Primary System

A process in which political parties select their candidates for an election rather than letting party leaders decide.

Election 1912

An election where the Republican Party split into two factions (Taft vs. Roosevelt), leading to Woodrow Wilson's victory as a Democrat.

New Nationalism

A political program by Roosevelt advocating for a strong federal government, social welfare, women's rights, and stricter regulation of big business.

Progressive 'Bull Moose' Party

A political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt after losing the Republican nomination in 1912, named for his strong beliefs.

New Freedom/Triple Wall of Privilege

A plan by Woodrow Wilson involving stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs.

Espionage Act

A U.S. law that made it illegal to spy on the government, interfere with military operations, help enemies, or obstruct the draft during WW1.

Sedition Act

An extension of the Espionage Act making it illegal to speak, write, or publish anything disloyal or abusive about the U.S. government.

Schenck v. U.S.

A Supreme Court case involving Charles Schenck, convicted under the Espionage Act for distributing anti-draft pamphlets, establishing the clear and present danger test.

American Protective League:

A private organization that worked with the U.S. government to identify disloyalty, draft dodgers, and German sympathizers.

American Protective League

A private organization of civilians during WW1 who worked with the U.S. government to identify disloyalty, draft dodgers and German sympathizers.

Hostility against Germans in the U.S.

Anti German sentiment grew, German Americans faced discrimination and suspicion, such as the banning of the German language in schools and violence against people of German descent.

International Workers of the World/IWW

A radical labor union who advocated for workers rights, better wages, and conditions, opposing the war and the draft.

Great Migration

The movement of millions of African Americans from rural south to north and west cities, driven by job opportunities and the desire to escape Jim Crow laws and racial violence.

Bracero Program

A U.S. government program that allowed Mexican laborers to work temporarily in the US, mainly in agriculture and railroads, created during WW2 to address labor shortages.

Key Concept 7.3

Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation's proper role in the world.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A U.S naval officer who believed that sea power was the key to power, advocating for a strong navy and control of seas to protect trade and strengthen the economy.

Josiah Strong

A protestant Clergyman and writer who advocated Anglo-Saxon superiority and believed English speaking Americans had a duty to spread Christianity.