Lecture on Bureaucracy, Law, and Government Structures

These flashcards encompass key concepts and terms related to bureaucracy, law, and government structures as outlined in the lecture notes.

What are the key roles of bureaucracy?

Administrator and rule maker.

What does the term 'bureaucrat's discretion' refer to?

The ability of bureaucrats to use their judgment in decision-making.

What is the primary responsibility of independent agencies compared to cabinet departments?

Independent agencies are less politically influenced and make decisions based on expertise and long-term policy.

What did the Pendleton Act of 1883 establish?

It established that bureaucrats are hired based on merit and are protected from political interference.

What is the significance of 'iron triangles' in policy-making?

They describe a close relationship between a clientele group, congressional committee, and bureaucratic agency.

What types of laws does the U.S. Supreme Court primarily interpret?

Constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law.

How can the president influence the bureaucracy?

Through appointment power, budget proposals, and the rule-making process.

What is the evidence standard in civil law cases?

'Preponderance of evidence' - the alleged violation is more likely to have occurred.

What is the difference between 'de jure' and 'de facto' discrimination?

De jure discrimination is legal (laws), while de facto discrimination results from tradition or habit.

What was the outcome of Brown v. Board of Education?

It ruled that segregation in schools is unconstitutional.

What is 'judicial activism'?

Judges' willingness to overturn precedents and use judicial review.

What does 'gerrymandering' refer to?

Redistricting to benefit a particular political group.

What is the process through which a bill becomes a law?

Introduced in Congress, assigned to committee, debated, voted on, and then signed by the president.

What comprises the 'majority whip' role?

Keeping members of their party organized and facilitating vote alignment.

What does the term 'mandatory spending' refer to?

Spending based on entitlement programs that is largely automatic without new legislation.

What is 'hyperpartisanship'?

The raising of party loyalty above all other commitments.

What are the different methods of judicial selection in states?

Partisan elections, nonpartisan elections, legislative elections, and gubernatorial appointments.

What was the impact of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965?

It removed national origin quotas that restricted immigration from Asian countries.

What is the role of the House Rules Committee?

Determining how long debate can last and whether amendments can be offered to a bill.

What is the primary function of the U.S. Supreme Court?

To interpret the constitutionality of laws and government actions.