biochemistry of cells

what atoms build carbohydrates

CH20

how are carbohydrates shaped

like a ring

how are carbohydrates built

monosaccharides bond together to make a polysaccharide

what is the structure of a monosaccharide

1 simple glucose molecule (monomer)

what is the function of a monosaccharide

quick energy used in cellular respiration, made by plants

what is the structure of a disaccharide

2 monosaccharides bonded together

what are 2 types of disaccharides

sucrose and lactose

what is the function of a disaccharide

quick energy

what is the structure of polysaccharides

many monosaccharides bonded together

what are the 4 types of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

what are the functions of the 4 polysaccharides

starch: plant storage of energy

glycogen: animal storage of energy

cellulose: plant structure

chitin: insects, crustaceans, and fungi structure

what are the elements in lipids

CH and a little bit of O

are lipids hydroPHILIC or hydroPHOBIC

hydrophobic

what is the function of triglycerides

long term storage of energy and insulation

how are triglycerides built (what monomers?)

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule (think of 3 chains of fatty acids, since they are chains they are better at storing energy compared to carbohydrates)

describe saturated fat

animal fat, saturated with hydrogen atoms, has all single covalent bonds

describe unsaturated fat

plant oil, has less hydrogen atoms because it has at least 1 double covalent bond

what is the function of phospholipids

building cell membranes

how are phospholipids built (what monomers?)

phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid chains

is the phosphate head hydroPHILIC or hydroPHOBIC

hydrophilic

are the 2 fatty acid chains hydroPHILIC or hydroPHOBIC

hydrophobic

how are the phospholipids arranged to build cell membranes?

the hydrophilic heads are facing the outside and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails are facing the inside

what are steroids and what is the function

sex hormones that function as chemical messengers (ex: testosterone, estrogen)

what is the function of wax

to prevent water loss in plants

what elements are in proteins

CHONS

what monomers make up proteins

amino acids

what polymers make up proteins

polypeptides

what are the 5 functions of proteins? highlight the following for a HINT: RSTEM

regulatory, structural, transport, enzymes, movement

amino acids differ in their ____, which leads to __ different types of amino acids

r variable side chain, 20

DIFFERENT STRUCTURES = _____

DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

how are proteins built (what levels?)

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

amino acids bond together using _____ (another word for covalent bonds in this case) in a specific order to make a polypeptide

peptide bonds

primary structure:

amino acids bond together in the correct order

secondary structure:

the polypeptide chain begins to fold and pleat to due charges on the R variable side chains. (DUE TO HYDROGEN BONDING WHICH IS THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN OPPOSITE CHARGES ON THE SAME MOLECULE)

tertiary structure:

the polypeptide chain folds in on itself

quaternary structure:

MULTIPLE polypeptide chains fold in on each other

what leads to a misshaped protein (name 2 things)

• DNA mutation (leads to incorrect codes)

• high heat or strong acids can DENATURE(UNFOLD) a protein

what happens when high heat or strong acids are applied to proteins? the process is called?

the hydrogen bonds are broken, DENATURING

what elements are in nucleic acids

CHONP

what monomers make up nucleic acids

nucleotides

what are the 3 types of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, ATP

how many strands does DNA have

2

what bases are in DNA, HINT: apple in the tree, car in the garage!

A- -T C- -G

what is the sugar in DNA

deoxyribose

what is the function of DNA

stores genetic information

how many strands are in RNA

1

what bases are in RNA

A - - U C - - G

what sugar is in RNA

ribose

what is the function of RNA

transcribes + translates genetic info

what is ATP

energy molecule