Musculoskeletal and urinary systems

Muscle tissue

composed of fibers providing movement, posture, body heat, protect organs, bulk of body, contract and relax

Musculoskeletal system includes

muscles, bones, joints, tendons, connective tissue, functions in the support of movement of the body

Skeletal muscle

attached to the bones and provide the means for movement (voluntary contract and relax)

It is striated in appearance and is under conscious control, allowing for precise movements.

Striated muscles

striped appearance

smooth muscle

internal processes (i.e digestion, urination, etc) aka visceral muscles

Visceral muscle

involuntary movement

Cardiac muscle

only found in the heart wall forming the myocardium

bones

provides framework of body, protect internal organs, allows movement, store calcium phosphorus and other minerals, produce blood in blood marrow, and serve as attachment points for muscles tendons and ligaments

short bone

cube shaped bones and equal in length and width (i.e carpals, tarsals)

irregular bones

cannot be classified due to complex shape (i.e vertebrae, middle ear bones

Flat bones

broad surface for muscular attachment and protect organs (i.e skull bones, scapula, sternum)

long bones

extremities (i.e leg, arm, fingers, toes)

Diaphysis

shaft consisting of compact bone and medullary cavity

compact bone

cylinder surrounding central canal (medullary cavity), thick dense layer

medullary cavity

filled with yellow bone marrow composed of blood vessels and fatty tissues

distal epiphysis and proximal epiphysis

ends of bones, muscle and ligament attachments

articular cartilage

thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet to form joint

epiphyseal line (growth plate)

cartilage area replaced by new bone tissue often

• responsible for bone lengthening during childhood

• calcifies and disappears when bone fully grown

spongy/cancellous bone

inner layer of porous tissue, filled with red bone marrow composed of blood cells

Periosteum

dense, white, fibrous membrane

• covers surface of bones

• blood and lymph vessels and nerves

• bone repair and nutrients

• attachment point for muscles, ligaments, and nutrition

osteoblast

inner layer of bone containing bone forming cells

Urinary system

consists of two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

primary function of urinary system

regulate extracellular fluids of the body, remove waste products from plasma as they form urine

extracellular fluid

contains harmful products like nitrogenous waste (toxic) and extra electrolytes (important for brain nerves and muscle)

kidneys

carry out major duties, located outside peritoneum, size of fist, secretes the hormone erythropoietin

erythropoietin

acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of RBC when O2 lvl low

Nephrons

contained in the renal cortex and renal medulla

Hilum

opening where renal artery enters and renal vein exits

urine formation

enters renal pelvis, waste removed in kidneys and filtered blood leaves kidneys via renal vein

renal pelvis

a hollow cavity where ureters merge with kidneys

ureters

10-12 in long tubes carrying urine to bladder

urinary bladder

expandable hollow organ that acts as a reservoir for urine

rugae

small folds that expands in the bladder when its filled

urinary bladder

holds urine, two openings: ureter and urethra

Trigone

triangle area in bladder with openings

urethra

1.5 inch in women, 7-8 inch in men, discharges urine from bladder

Nephrons

1 mill, maintain homeostasis by adjusting and regulating blood plasma pH, removes nitrogenous waste and extra electrolytes

glomerulus

capillaries in renal corpuscle surrounded by the bowman capsule

Afferent arteriole

carries unfiltered blood to the kidneys

efferent arteriole

filter blood exits

passes through renal corpuscle to form the peritubular capillaries

peritubular capillaries

network of capillaries that surround the renal tubule

renal tubule

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting tubule

filtration

in renal corpuscle, H2O, electrolytes, sugar, and molecules in blood plasma in afferent tubule pass into bowman capsule to form filtrate

Reabsorption

filtrate travels through the tubule. H2O, electrolytes and amino acids reenter the blood via peritubular capillaries

secretion

final stage of urine formation, peritubular capillaries secrete water products, ammonia, uric acid, and metabolic products into the renal tubules for removal urine. urine pass to bladder for storage until urination takes place

leiomy/o

smooth (visceral) muscle

muscul/o, my/o

muscle

rhabd/o

rod-like (striated)

rhabdomy/o

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

brachi/o

arm

carp/o

carpus (wrist bones)

cephal/o

head

cervic/o

neck/cervixs

clavicul/o

clavicle

cost/o

ribs

crani/o

cranium

dactyl/o

fingers/toes

humer/o

humerus

metacarp/o

metacarpus (hand bone)

phalang/o

phalanges r

radi/o

radiation

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

vertebrae

stern/o

sternum

calcane/o

calcaneum

femor/o

femur

fibul/o

fibula

ili/o

ilium

ischi/o

ischium

lumb/o

loins (lower back)

metatars/o

metatarsus

patell/o

patella

pelv/o, pelv/i

pelvis

pod/o

foot

pub/o

pubis

tibi/o

tibia

ankyl/o

stiffness

arthr/o

joint

chondr/o

cartilage

fasci/o

band, fascia

fibr/o

fiber, fibrous tissue

kyph/o

humpback

lamin/o

lamina

lord/o

curve

myel/o

bone marrow

orth/o

straight

oste/o

bone

ped/o, ped/i

foot/child

scoli/o

crooked, bent

synov/o

synovial membrane/fluid

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

-asthenia

weakness/debility

-clasia

to break/surgical fracture

-clast

to break/surgical factor (II)

-desis

binding, fixation

-malacia

softening

-porosis

porous

-sarcoma

malignant tumor of connective tissue

a-

without

dys-

bad/painful

syn-

union/together/joined