[4] ANAPHY LAB PT. 2

Laboratory 4, 8, 9

Cell

Considered as the basic unit of living organisms

Chemicals

Organelles

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organism

Seven levels of organization in humans

Organelles

These are parts of the cell called small organs that may contain specific functions

Plasma membrane

This is the outer boundary of a cell

Phospholipid bilayer

The composition of the plasma membrane

Polar head

Which part of the bilayer is water-loving (hydrophilic)?

Non-polar tail

Which part of the bilayer is water-fearing (hydrophobic)?

Phosphate

Glycerol

Composition of the polar head

2 fatty acid chains

Composition of the non-polar tail

Integral proteins

Other structures imbedded in the plasma membrane

Peripheral proteins

These are imbedded in integral proteins

Extracellular and intracellular communication and transportation

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Nucleus

A large bubble within a double-walled membrane containing the cell’s genetic code

Nuclear envelope

The double-walled membrane that encloses the nucleus

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What is presence of the genetic code called?

Chromatin

These are strands of DNA characterized by darker tints when viewed in the microscope

Nucleolous

This is a small area within the nucleus for the synthesis of rRNA

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid

What does rRNA mean?

Endoplasmic reticulum

A network of membranous tubes and canals (including nuclear envelope) winding the interior of the cell

Rough ER

A type of ER speckled with tiny granules called ribosomes

Smooth ER

A type of ER without ribosomes

Transports proteins synthesized by ribosomes

Manufactures molecules that make up plasma membrane

What is the function of the ER?

Cytoplasm

Material within the plasma membrane meaning “cell stuff” that includes the organelles and the liquid portion

Cytosol

The liquid portion of the cell

Ribosomes

Tiny bodies that serve as a site for protein synthesis

Rough ER

Free ribosomes within the cytoplasm

Where can we find ribosomes?

Golgi apparatus

Appears as a stack of flattened sacs that receives materials from the ER for extracellular transportation

Vesicles

These are membranous bubbles formed by the Golgi body or by pinching inward the cell membrane to engulf external substances

Tiny bodies that serve as sites for ATP synthesis

Round outer membrane

Folded inner membrane

Layers of the mitochondria

Cristae

What is the folded inner membrane of the mitochondria called

Lysosomes

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes that digest foreign particles no longer needed by the cell

Also play a role in repairing the plasma membrane

Microtubules

Tiny, hollow beams that form the supporting cell skeleton

Cytoskeleton

What do you call the cell skeleton?

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Other components of the cytoskeleton

Centrosomes

Also known as the microtubule organizing center, and is a dense area of cell fluid near the nucleus

1

How many pairs of centrioles does centrosome have?

Centrioles

These are cylinders formed by parallel microtubules

Spindle fibers

Network of microtubules that extend from the centrosome during cell division that distribute DNA equally.

Microvilli

Tiny, fingerlike projections of the cell that increase the membrane’s surface area for absorption

Cilia

Numerous short, hair-like organelles that propel substance along the cell’s surface

Flagella

Single, long, hair-like organelles found in sperm cells to propel them to the female reproductive tract

Electron microscope

An instrument that uses a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light

Transmission electron microscope

These types of microscopes send a beam of light through the specimen

Resolution

It is the ability to distinguish detail

Scanning electron microscope

These reflect an electron beam off the specimen forming a 3D figure of the specimen

Transmission electron micrographs

These are photographs taken with a transmission electron microscope

Connective tissue

These are tissues that act as connections among other tissues

Phosphorus

Calcium

What does bone tissues store?

Tissue matrix

The common structural feature of all connective tissues

Protein matrix

It is an extracellular material composed of many substances with a dominance of protein fibers

Collagen

A common protein forming bundles of tough, flexible fibers often called as white fibers

Elastin

Stretchy, fibrous protein that forms thick, single fibers in connective tissue matrices often called as yellow fibers

Fibrous connective tissue

Can be categorized as either dense fibrous or loose fibrous depending on the density of protein fibers

Regular

Irregular

Two types of dense fibrous tissues

Areolar tissue

Also known as loose connective tissue

Loose

Dense

Reticular

Three divisions of fibrous connective tissue

Adipose tissue

Often called as the fat tissue because of its function to store fat (for body support)

Adipose tissue

Modified form or areolar tissue with fat storage cells

Ground substance matrix

Extracellular material that has protein fibers in it but also a nonfibrous protein and other substances

Cartilage

A combination of fibers and ground substance giving a rubbery quality

Hyaline

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

Three types of cartilage

Compact bone

Cancellous bone (spongy)

Two categories of bone

Fluid matrix

Composed of water-based solution with a fluid consistency

Loose or areolar tissue

Forms loose bonds between other tissues that allow skin to be slid around from the underlying muscle

Collagen and elastin fiber are widely spread in this tissue

Vessels and other cell types can be found here

Under the skin

Fascia superficial

Where can we find areolar tissue?

Connection

Function of areolar tissue

Adipose tissue

Specialized type of loose connective tissue to store fat and lipids in large vesicles

Pushes the nucleus and other organelles to the cell membrane

Has very little matrix compared to other connective tissue types

Under skin

Heart

Kidney

Where can we find adipose tissue?

Protection

Insulation

Support

Reserve food

Functions of adipose tissue

Reticular tissue

Named for its '“network-like” characteristic which is a 3D web of fine reticular fibers made of a special type of collagen

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Bone marrow cavities

Where can we find reticular tissue?

Support

Filtration

Function of reticular tissue

Dense regular tissue

A tissue that has a parallel dense arrangement of fibers that may be collagen or elastic fibers

Used for structures that needed better engineered-connection between parts exerted with great force

Tendons

Ligaments

Large arteries

Aponeurosis

Where can we find dense regular tissues

Flexible but strong connection

Function of dense regular

Dense irregular tissue

Forms the lower layer of skin (dermis) and the capsules of many organs with swirling or random fiber arrangements

Deep fascia

Dermis

Scars

Kidney capsules

Where can we find dense irregular tissue

Connection

Support

Function of dense irregular tissue

Fibrocytes

Interspersed among the fibers of mature tissues

Cartilages

Distinctive in its semisolid rubbery matrix of protein fibers with other substances

Hyaline cartilage

A cartilage with a moderate amount of collagen giving it a great deal of toughness with its cushiony quality

Chondrocytes

Scattered throughout the matrix of cartilages

Lacunae

Little pockets where chondrocytes are being contained

Nasal septum

Larynx

Tracheal rings and bronchi

Fetal skeleton

Where can we find hyaline cartilage?

Firm but flexible support

Function of hyaline cartilage

Fibrous perichondrium

Surrounds the cartilage tissue

Fibrocartilage

This tissue indicates the high concentration of collagen fibers with a more rigid, less rubbery consistency than other cartilages

Pubic symphysis

Intervertebral discs

Amphiarthrodial joints

Where can we find fibrocartilage

Shock absorption

Function of fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

Characterized by a large proportion of elastin fibers in its matrix

Springiness is desirable in the support material

Pinna (ears)

Epiglottis

Auditory tubes

Where can we find elastic cartilage?

Flexibility

Function of elastic cartilage

Compact bone

Formed by solid, cylindrical units packed tightly together

Osteons

These are solid, cylindrical units found in compact bone

Haversian system

Other term for osteon consisting of multiple concentric layers of bone matrix

Lamella

Each layer of the haversian system

Osteocytes

These structures trap the cells of compact bone characterized by its darkened projection

Haversian canal

This is where the lamellae are centered into which has the blood vessels