Keep quiz Period 2

Louis XIII

Strengthened french monarchy through his relationship with Cardinal Richelieu

Fronde (1648-1653)

Civil wars in France challenged the authority of the monarchy

James I

First Stuart king of England, known for the divine right of kings and clashing with parliament over power and taxation

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, believed in divine rights of kings; his power struggle with the English Parliament led to the English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell

Established a commonwealth in England, a military and political leader during the civil war, led parliamentary forces against King Charles I

English Bill of Rights

established parliamentary sovereignty by limiting the monarch's power, used to create constitutional monarchy

Parliamentary sovereignty

Parliament is the supreme legal authority and can create or end any law

Middle Passage

Slave trade from W Africa to W Indies

Triangular trade

Slaves going from Europe to Africa, from Africa to the Americas, and from the Americas back to Europe

Dutch War

France fought to gain the Spanish Netherlands

Nine Years' War

a major conflict in which France fought against a coalition of European powers, including England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire

War of Spanish Succession

Conflict over Spanish throne between Bourbon and Habsburg dynasties

Peter the Great

Russian tsar known for modernizing Russia through westernization

Phillip II of Spain

solidified unity, victory at Battle of Lepanto, counter-reformation

Paraceleus

Used observation and experiments to develop a theory of disease

Andreas Vesalius

Anatomical research, dissection of human body, On the Fabric of the human body

Johannes Kepler

Supported the heliocentric model and disputed religious belief that the circle was the "perfect shape" and reflected the Divine order

Sir Isaac Newton

Natural laws, Scientific method

Mary Wollstonecraft

Vindication of Rights of Women, equal access to education, citizenship, and financial independence for women

Marquis de Condorcet

Early champion of social sciences and human rights. Demanded for equal rights on politics and education for women

Francois Quesnay

Doctor and economic theorist, believed that a states economic strength was derived not from gold and silver, but from agriculture

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot

Advisor to King Louis XV of France. Advocated fir laissez-faire

David Hume

Advocated skepticism, argued against miracles in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Baron d'Holbach

French philosopher and contributor of science articles to the Encyclopedie

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Introduced smallpox variation to Britain

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Enlightenment philosophers, Social Contract

Diego Velasquez

Official painter of the Spanish court, Las Meninas

Gian Bernini

Commisioned by pope to renovate Saint Peter's Basilica and created several chapels and piazzas near the Vatican

Rembrandt

Dutch painter, mainly biblical scenes, his wokrs represented the common people

Jan Vermeer

Painted domestic interiors showing women engaged in simple chores

Jacques-Louis David

French artist, presented the quintessential expression of neoclassical ideals

Frederick II of Prussia

Frederick the Great, expanded territory,created departments to manage mines,forests, commerce, began the work of Prussian Common Law

Joseph II of Austria

Enlightened absolutists, religious toleration, limited power of catholic church, freedom for press, abolish serfdom, signed edict of toleration

Maria Theresa of Austria

Limited landlord's power, first European monarch to mandate public education

Frederick William I of Prussia

Reformed military and tech, upheld aristocracy,

William of Orange

Glorious revolution, constitutional monarchy, establishment of parliamentary sovereignty through the Bill of Rights

Seven Years' War

Great Britain and France fought over territory in North America

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens

Affirmed Enlightenment ideals of natural rights

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Issued by National Assembly

Catholic church was placed under authority of the state

All clergy was told it owed its primary allegiance to France

10% of tax paid by peasants was eliminated

Church diocese were aligned with new administrative districts

Bishops and Priests would be elected by assemblies

Constitution of 1791

Established a constitutional monarchy, placed lawmaking power in the hands of new legislative assembly, gave king limited veto and allowed him to appoint his minister

Jean-Paul Marat

Radical that whipped people into frenzy of violence known as september massacres