Neurological Bases of Speech Exam 1

Central nervous system is made up of

brain, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord

Spinal cord is an

extension of the brain

spinal cord functions/purposes

-motor functions for muscles

-sensory functions

-spinal reflexes

Gray matter contents

numerous cell bodies and few myelinated axons

white matter consists of ____ which is ____

myelin, white

Gray matter is found in the

outer layer

white matter is found in the

inner layer

what percent of our brain do we use

100

CNS is center for multiple functions: (8)

support perception

receive and discriminate sensory stimuli

express emotions

keep processes

organize and regulate behaviors

engage in mental pursuits

process language, comprehension, speech hearing

support perception refers to

senses, see hear smell touch

keep processes refers to

respiration, heart beat

engage in mental pursuits refers to

thinking, memory, planning, judgement

PNS is a large collection of

neuronal processes outside the skull and vertebrae

what are neuronal processes called

nerve

PNS nerve types (and # of pairs)

Cranial nerves 12

spinal nerves 31

cranial nerves

bundles of sensory and motor axons radiating from the brain

spinal nerves

bundles of sensory and motor axons radiating from the spinal cord

What are the PNS subdivides

somatic

autonomic

somatic nervous system jobs

-voluntary control

-motor nerves innervate muscles

-sensory nerves innervate skin

innervate refers to

supplying a body part with a nerve

when motor nerves innervate muscles, this can happen:

walking smiling speech laughing

When sensory nerves innervate skin, we can feel:

touch temperature pressure tactile

steps of sensory nerves

from receptors under skin

to nerves

to spinal cord (CNS)

Autonomic nervous system jobs

involuntary control

innervate visceral organs and glands to regulate bodily functions

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

sympathetic system

spends body energy by activating visceral organs and glands for fight, flight, or fear response

parasympathetic system

conserves energy and brings visceral functions back to normal levels after sympathetic activation

neurons are in the

CNS

nerves are in the

PNS

Dorsal aka

superior

ventral aka

inferior

rostral aka

anterior

caudal aka

posterior

dorsal toward the ____ of the body, or toward the ______ of the head

back, top

ventral toward the ____ of the body, or toward the ______ of the head

front, bottom

rostral/cranial toward

head

caudal toward

tail

coronal plane

divides into anterior and posterior

sagittal plane

divides into left and right

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

horizontal plane

divides into superior and inferior

Cellular structures in CNS: _____ and ____

glial

neuron

glial cells: function (6)

physical support

scavengers

fluid maintenance

nutrition

myelin

neural migration

what are the basic units of the nervous system

neurons (nerve)

where are neurons located

brain

spinal cord

ganglia in various parts of the body

what do neurons (nerves) do

transmit info through the nervous system

what kind of info do nerves transmit

Sensation, perception, emotions, behaviors, muscle actions, organs

what does it mean when nerves have flexibility

they never stop learning and become more efficient

neuron structures

cell body, dendrites, axons

dendrites

receive info from other neurons and send to the cell body

axons

carry info away from the cell body

connect with dendrites of other neurons

myelin info (what are they and what they do)

white fatty sheets

cover the axons

speed info transmission

node of Ranvier

gap between myelin where action potential occurs

CNS myelin term

Oligodendrocytes

PNS myelin term

Schwann’s cells

Gray matter (cortex) contents

neurons (cell bodies, dendrites)

glial

white matter contents

myelinated axons

tracts (bundled axons)

Neurons ____ from other neurons by way of dendrites

receive

neurons _____ to other neurons by way of axons

transmit output

synapse is the space of transmission for ___

nerve impulses

neurotransmitter (what they do)

chemicals pass across the synaptic cleft to bind to dendrites of the second neuron and cause a change in the second neurons electric charge

types of neurotransmitters

acetylcholine

dopamine

acetylcholine (cns and pns function)

PNS: activates muscles

CNS: causes excitatory actions

acetylcholine deficit (CNS)

alzheimer’s disease

Dopamine

controls behaviors, voluntary movements, cognition, learning, sleep, mood

deficient of dopamine in substantia nigra causes

parkinson’s disease

neurons send messages ________

electrochemically

ions refer to chemicals with an ___ ___

electric charge

the 3 main ions and their charge (+/-)

Sodium (Na+)

Potassium (K+)

Chloride (Cl-)

the neuron membrane surrounding nerve cells is

permeable, some ions pass though or not

resting membrane potential occurs when

a neuron is not sending signal

resting potential= ______

-70 millivolt

channels (resting potential)

potassium can cross

sodium and chloride cannot pass

negatively charged ions inside the neuron ______ cross the membrane

cannot

action potential: all or none principle

an explosion of electrical activity created by a ____ current

depolarizing

during action potential there is an an exchange of ions across the neuron membrane where ____ channels open and rush in which causes _____

sodium

depolarization

a neuron will _____ ______ an action potential when the depolarization reaches ____ mv

always fire

-55

what happens when returning to resting potential

potassium channels open and rush out causing reverse depolarization and returns to -70mv

loss of myelin leads to

multiple sclerosis

trauma to neurons (PNS)

the nerve attempts to repair itself

endings begin to regenerate and repair themselves

happens in days, weeks, and months

trauma to neurons (CNS)

neuron degenerates

reorganization (brain plasticity)

stem-cell transplantation

(hebbian learning)

learning stems from changes in neural connections at the level of the ________

synapse

(hebbian learning)

cells that ___ together, ____ together: what does this mean?

fire

wire

two separate and disconnected neurons become simultaneously activated during a repetitive and persistent situation of both neurons

(hebbian learning) Lesion: a group of injured neurons may become ______ if they are activated at the ____ time

reconnected

same

neuron classification by branching and # of dendrites

unipolar

bipolar

multipolar

neuron classification by shape

pyramidal neurons

neuron classification by function

motor neurons

sensory neurons

interneurons

motor neurons

efferent

brain/ spinal cord to muscles/organs

sensory neurons (efferent/afferent what to where)

afferent

receptors to brain/ spinal cord

interneurons

relay messages from sensory neuron to motor neuron

Franz Gall neuroscience idea of Phrenology

human faculties to areas of cortex

gyrus

bumps

sulcus

grooves

fissures

very deep sulcus

the left and right hemispheres are divided by the

longitudinal fissure

Sylvian fissure

separates temporal lobe from the rest

sylvian fissure on the left is

more gentle

sylvian fissure on the right is

steeper

wernicke’s area L __ R

>

Heschl’s gyrus (primary auditory cortex) L __ R

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