Medications 4 Midterm

Name the type of drug: aspirin (Bayer, Excedrin)

Salicylate (considered a sub-group of NSAIDs)

Name the function: aspirin (Bayer, Excedrin)

1. Analgesic (inhibits prostaglandins)

2. Anti-inflammatory (inhibits prostaglandins)

3. Antipyretic ($ the hypothalamus, vasodilation, and increased heat loss)

4. Anticoagulant (inhibits thromboxane and binds irreversibly to the platelet for the life of the platelet to inhibit aggregation)

Name potential side effects: aspirin (Bayer, Excedrin)

Irritating to the stomach (stomach ulcers, GI bleeding), Reye's syndrome (rare, potentially harmful brain disease that is most damaging to the brain and the liver) when used to treat s/s of viral illness

Name the type of drug: ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB)

NSAID

Name the type of drug: naproxen (Aleve)

NSAID

Name the function: ibuprofen & naproxen

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic (not all NSAIDs have anti-coagulant effects like aspirin)

Name potential side effects: ibuprofen & naproxen

GI toxicity, renal dysfunction, HTN (may interact negatively w/ anti-hypertensives), decreased cardioprotective effects of aspirin

Name the type of drug: celecoxib (Celebrex)

COX-2 inhibitor (considered a sub-group of NSAIDs)

Name the function: celecoxib (Celebrex)

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory (decreases the production of prostaglandins) + reduces the risk of peptic ulceration by taking the COX-2 vs. COX-1 route

Name the type of drug: acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Nonsalicylate analgesic drug

Name the function: acetaminophen (Tylenol)

1. Analgesic

2. Antipyretic

Name potential side effects: acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Liver toxicity, chronic kidney disease, HTN, peptic ulcer disease

Name the type of drug: codeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine sulfate, oxycodone

Narcotics

Name the function: narcotics

Relieve pain by binding w/ opiate receptors sites in the brain --> block pain impulses from ascending neural pathways

Name the schedule of drug: heroin, LSD, mairjuana

Schedule I (high potential for abuse w/ no currently accepted medical use)

Name the schedule of drug: meperidine, oxycodone, cocaine, methadone, hydromorphone

Schedule II (high potential for abuse and severe dependence BUT current medical uses)

Name the schedule of drug: Tylenol with codeine, anabolic steroids

Schedule III (less potential for abuse, current medical uses, moderate dependence)

Name the schedule of drug: Valium, Ambien, Ativen, Tramadol

Schedule IV (less potential for abuse, current medical uses, limited dependence)

Name the schedule of drug: cough syrups w/ codeine

Schedule V (limited potential for abuse, current medical uses, limited dependence)

Name potential side effects: narcotics

**Respiratory depression, sedation, euphoria, constipation, decreased renal function, decreased renal plasma flow, pruritus

Name the type of drug: Lortab ASA (aspirin, hydrocodone)

Combination drug

Name the type of drug: Percocet (acetaminophen, oxycodone)

Combination drug

Psychotropic or therapeutic? THC

Psychotropic

Psychotropic or therapeutic? CBD

Therapeutic

Name the function: marijuana

Treat pain, inflammation, and muscle hyperexcitability

Name potential side effects: marijuana

Short-term & long-term CNS, increased HR and BP, stroke, pulmonary complications, nausea and vomiting

Name the type of drug: -sone or -olone

Corticosteroid

Name the function: corticosteroid

Anti-inflammatory drugs that can be applied topically or systemically

Name potential side effects: corticosteroid

Type 2 diabetes, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, HTN, hyperlipidemia, immunosuppression, adrenal suppression (consider this analogous to the impact of hypercortisolism)

Name the type of drug: cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), diazepam (Valium), and orphenadrine (Noreflex)

Skeletal muscle relaxant (acute/orthopedic in nature)

Name the type of drug: baclofen (Lioresal), dantrolene (Dantrium), and tizanidine (Zanaflex)

Skeletal muscle relaxant (chronic/severe in nature; particularly beneficial for CNS conditions)

Name the type of drug: -cillin

Penicillin (antibiotic)

Name potential negative side effects: penicillin

Minor GI

Name the type of drug: cef- or ceph-

Cephalosporin (antibiotic)

Name the function: penicillin and cephalosporin

Interferes w/ bacterial cell wall

Name the type of drug: -cycline

Tetracycline (antibiotic)

Name the type of drug: gentamicin (Garamycin), neomycin, tobramycin (Nebcin)

Aminoglycoside (antibiotic)

Name the type of drug: azithromycin (Zithromax), erythromycin

Macrolide (antibiotic)

Name the function: tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and macrolide

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

Name potential side effects: tetracycline

Permanent discoloration of teeth (not prescribed for pregnant women or children <8)

Name potential side effects: aminoglycoside

Potential for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

Name potential side effects: macrolide

Nausea and vomiting

Name the type of drug: -floxacin

Fluoroquinolone (antiobiotic)

Name the function: fluoroquinolone

Interferes w/ two enzymes bacteria needs to synthesize their DNA

Name potential side effects: fluoroquinolone

GI, dizziness, headaches, MSK conditions (Achilles tendonitis), peripheral neuropathy, mental health, coma w/ hypoglycemia

Name the type of drug: bacitracin (Baciguent)

Antibiotic

Name the function: bacitracin (Baciguent)

Inhibits formation of bacterial cell wall (note: only administered topically as it can be toxic if given systemically)

Name the type of drug: -thiazide

Thiazide diuretic

Name the function: thiazide diuretics

Acts @ Loop of Henle and distal renal tubule to increase excretion of Na+ (and thus H2O) in the urine

Name the type of drug: furosemide (Lasix)

Loop diuretics

Name the function: loop diuretics

Acts @ proximal AND distal tubules as well as the Loop of Henle to increase excretion of Na+ (and thus H2O) in the urine

Name the type of drug: spironolactone (Aldactone)

Potassium-sparing diuretic AND mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

Name the function: potassium-sparing diuretics

Selective for excretion of Na+ but NOT K+

Name potential side effects: diuretics

- Dehydration/fluid imbalance

- Orthostatic hypotension

- Electrolyte imbalance (hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia)

Name the function: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

Reduces effects of excess aldosterone on the heart

Name potential side effects: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

Hyperkalemia, dizziness, gynecomastia in males (less specificity for the receptor and thus nonselective binding to estrogen and progesterone receptors)

Name the type of drug: K-lor, Kay Ciel

Potassium Supplements

Name the type of drug: -pril

ACE inhibitor

Name the function: ACE inhibitors

- Block the enzyme that converts ANG I --> ANG II

- Block aldosterone release for the reabsorption of Na+

Name potential side effects: ACE inhibitors

Hypotension, hyperkalemia, dry cough

Name the type of drug: -sartan

Angiotensin II receptor blocker

Name the function: ARB

Blocks ANG II @ the receptor level (hypothalamus, adrenal cortex, etc) --> vasodilation and decreased BP

Name potential side effects: ARB

Similar side effects to ACE inhibitors w/o the dry cough

Name the type of drug: -olol

Beta blocker (note: -olol is consistent BUT non-specific to beta1 vs. beta2)

Name the function: beta blockers

Slow HR and enable vasodilation (to decrease myocardial oxygen demand) by preventing beta receptors from being stimulated by epinephrine

- beta 1 = heart

- beta 2 = lungs

Name potential side effects: beta blockers

Orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, diarrhea, N/V, fatigue -- risk of cardiac dysrhythmias w/ withdrawal

Name the type of drug: nadolol (Corgard)

Nonselective beta blocker (B1 and B2)

Name the type of drug: bisoprolol (Zebeta)

Cardioselective beta blocker (B1)

Name the type of drug: metoprolol (Lopressor)

Cardioselective beta blocker (B1)

Name the type of drug: carvedilol (Coreg)

A1, B1, and B2 receptors

Name the type of drug: digoxin (Lanoxin)

Cardiac glycosides/Digitalis

Name the function: cardiac glycosides/digitalis

- (-) chronotropic effect slows HR

- (+) inotropic effect increases strength of contraction

- cause the release of ACh --> depress SAN and slow electrical conduction to treat atrial flutter/fibrillation

Name potential side effects: cardiac glycosides/digitalis

LOW THERAPEUTIC INDEX & LONG HALF-LIFE --> bradycardia, confusion, restlessness, N/V, diarrhea, yellow-green halos around lights, hallucinations

Name the type of drug: -ipine

Dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker

Name the function: Dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers

Selective for vasodilation of VSM (vessels)

Name potential side effects: Dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers

HA, lightheadedness, flushing and peripheral edema (works more on the vessels)

Name the type of drug: verapamil (Calan)

Phenylalkylamines nondihydropyridines Ca2+ channel blocker

Name the type of drug: diltiazem (Cardizem)

Benzothiazepines nondihydropyridines Ca2+ channel blocker

Name the function: Nondihydropyridines Ca2+ channel blockers

(-) chronotropic effect on the heart (slows HR by blocking Ca2+)

Name potential side effects: Nondihydropyridines Ca2+ channel blockers

Bradycardia, HF, constipation (works more on the heart)

Name the type of drug: nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)

Nitrates

Name the function: nitrates

Increases cGMP --> vasodilation t/o the circulatory system

Name potential side effects: nitrates

HA, dizziness, weakness, postural hypotension

Name the type of drug: prozac, paxil, luvox, zoloft

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Name the function: SSRIs

Antidepressant that works to prevent platelet aggregation and blood clot formation

Name the type of drug: dispyramide (Norpace), lidocaine, flecainide (Tambocor)

Class I dysrhythmias: Na+ channels

Name the function: Class I dysrhythmias: Na+ channels

Block Na+ channels to alter heart rhythm

Name the type of drug: propranolol (Inderal), acebutolol (Sectral), esmolol (Brevibloc)

Class II dysrhythmias: beta-blockers

Name the function: beta-blockers (specific to dysrhythmias)

Block sympathetic activity, decrease SAN activity as well as activity from ectopic foci and also increase the delay at the AV node

Name the type of drug: amiodarone (Cordarone)

Class III dysrhythmias: K+ channels

Name the function: Class III dysrhythmias: K+ channels

Block K+ channels to prolong repolarization, AP duration, and the refractory period

Name the type of drug: diltiazem (Cardizem), verapamil (Calan)

Class IV dysrhythmias: Ca2+ channels

Name the function: Class IV dysrhythmias: Ca2+ channels

Block calcium channels and thus decrease SAN rate and AV node conduction

Name potential side effects: anti-arrhythmics

- Faintness, dizziness, visual disturbance

- Additional arrhythmias

- (-) inotropic effect would impair exercise performance

- Release of catecholamines w/ exercise may make drugs ineffective

Name the type of drug: -azonsin

Alpha 1 receptor blocker

Name the function: alpha1 receptor blockers

Prevent peripheral arteries and veins from vasoconstriction and increasing BP

Name the type of drug: guanfacine (Tenex)

Alpha 2 receptor blocker

Name the function: alpha2 receptor blockers

Prevent brain from vasoconstriction and increased BP

Name the type of drug: clonidine (Catapres)

All alpha receptors

Name the type of drug: Lopressor HCT 50/25 (metoprolol + hydrochlorothiazide)

Combination drug