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22 Terms
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Stomata
Small pores on the surface of leaves that allow gas exchange (carbon dioxide in, oxygen out) and water vapor to escape.
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Stroma
The fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast, surrounding the thylakoids. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
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Grana/Granum
Stacks of thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast. A granum is a stack, while grana is the plural.
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Thylakoid
Membrane-bound structures within the chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.
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Thylakoid space
The inner space inside the thylakoid membrane, where protons (H+) accumulate during the light reactions.
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Inner/Outer membrane
Outer membrane: The outermost membrane of the chloroplast; Inner membrane: The inner membrane that surrounds the stroma and contains the thylakoids.
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Pigment molecules
Molecules that absorb light energy for photosynthesis. The primary pigment in plants is chlorophyll.
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Chlorophyll
The green pigment in plants responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis.
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Energy
The capacity to do work or cause change. Energy exists in different forms, such as kinetic, potential, chemical, and more.
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Work
The transfer of energy through motion. Work is done when a force causes an object to move.
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Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion. For example, a moving car, running, or a bouncing ball all demonstrate kinetic energy.
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Potential Energy
Stored energy due to an object's position or structure. For example, a book on a shelf has potential energy due to its height.
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Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. This energy is released or absorbed during chemical reactions.
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Free Energy
The amount of energy available to do work in a system. It’s the energy that can be used by a cell for activities like growth or movement.
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Activation Energy
The energy required to start a chemical reaction. It’s like a "push" to get the reaction going.
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Enzyme
A protein that speeds up (catalyzes) chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
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Substrate
The substance an enzyme acts upon in a chemical reaction. The enzyme binds to the substrate to form a product.
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Reactants vs. Products
Reactants: Substances that undergo a chemical reaction; Products: New substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
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Entropy
A measure of disorder or randomness in a system. The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy tends to increase over time in a closed system.
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Calorie vs. calorie
Calorie (capital C): A unit of energy used in nutrition. 1 Calorie = 1,000 calories; calorie (lowercase c): A small unit of energy used to measure heat.
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
The total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, and energy transformations are never 100% efficient.
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