AHST Final Review

Christine de Pizan in her study, for The Queen's Manuscript, c. 1410-1414

Sofonisba Anguissola, The Chess Game, 1555

Unknown Flemish Artist, The King's Fountain, c. 1570-1580

Rembrandt, Two African Men, 1661

Vermeer, The Art of Painting, 1665-68

Jan Steen, Fantasy Interior, c. 1659-1660

Benjamin West, Shah 'Alam, Mughal Emperor, Conveying the Diwani to Lord Clive, August 1765, painted 1818

David Martin, Portrait of Dido Elizabeth Belle Lindsay and Lady Elizabeth Murray, 1778

Gangaram Tambat, View of Parbati, 1795

Gangaram Tambat, Two Jeyties, c. 1792

Praxiteles, Knidus Aphrodite, 4th century BCE

Carolee Schneemann, Interior Scroll, 1975

Jenny Saville, Plan, 1993

Kehinde Wiley, Young Tarentine I, 2022

Jean-Leon Gerome, The Snake Charmer, c. 1879

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Odalisque with Slave, 1839

Osman Hamdi Bey, A Young Emir Studying, 1878

Hardouin-Mansart, Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles, 1678-1684

Nicasius Bernaerts, Study of an Ostrich, c. 1643-1678

Jean-Baptiste Oudry, Dogs Playing with Birds in a Park, 1754

Ole Worm, Wunderkammer, 1655

Robert Hooke, The Flea, 1665

Joseph Wright of Derby, A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery, 1766

Charles Willson Peale, Yarrow Mamout, 1819

Charles Willson Peale, The Artist in His Museum, 1822

Rachel Ruysch, Flower Still Life, c. 1710

Maria Sibylla Merian, Metamorphosis of the Emperor Moth, 1705

Thomas Cole, Course of Empire: Destruction, 1834

Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair, 1855

George Stubbs, Whistlejacket, c. 1762

Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, 1851

Berthe Morisot, Woman with a Winter Muff, 1880

Jacob Lawrence, The Migration Series, 1941

Frida Kahlo, The Broken Column, 1944

Meret Oppenheim, Object (Lunch in Fur), 1936

In the west, the early version of this unfolds 16th-18th centuries.
-Doctrine of discovery
-age of discovery
-exploration
-empire
-colonization
-scientific revolution
-democratic revolutions

Example: Ole Worm, Wunderkammer, 1655

Modernity

This also means industrialization. It is an ongoing process now occuring globally. In the West, it began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It includes factories, machines, migration from rural areas to cities.

Example: Charles Willson Peale, Yarrow Mamout, 1819

Modernization

20th century-ongoing. Creative responses in art and architecture to modernity and modernization. Modern architecture mimics factories. Modern painting is often abstract and objectless.

Example: Meret Oppenheim, Object (Lunch in Fur), 1936

Modernism

The pursuit of human or earthly interests; literary learning or culture; devotion to or expertise in the humanities, esp. classical scholarship. This is often associated with secularism, taking a nontheistic view centered on human agency and reliance on science and reason. Occurred in renaissance times.

Example: Unknown Flemish Artist, The King’s Fountain, c. 1570-80

Humanism

To deprive individuals and groups of people of positive human qualities such as individuality. When members of a persecuted group are treated less than human [like an animal, robot, or thing].

Example: Frida Kahlo, The Broken Column, 1944

Dehumanization

Focus on beings other than humans—animals, plants, ecosystems—and recognition of their agency, value, and relationship to humans. (1700s--present)

Example: Nicasius Bernaerts, Study of an Ostrich, c. 1643-1678

Nonhuman life

A critique of classical humanism. Ecological movement decentering humans. From humans to nonhumans. Robots and cyborgs. Technology transforming and/or extending the human body beyond its natural form.

Example: Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, 1851

Posthumanism

A philosophical movement started by Julian Huxley c. 1945 advocating for the use of science and technology to radically enhance human physical and mental capabilities, with the goal of transcending fundamental human limitations like aging or death.

Example: Jean-Pierre Roy, The Null Cone, 2018

Transhumanism