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35 Terms
1
Seismic waves
Energy waves that travel through earth
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2
Richter Scale
A scale of numbers used to tell the magnitude/power of earthquakes
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3
Moment Magnitude Scale
A measure of an earthquakes magnitude based off of seismic moment
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4
Pangaea
The original supercontinent
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5
Seafloor Spreading
Where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and gradually moves away from the ridge
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6
Tectonic Plate Theory
Theory that deals with large-scale constant motion of the plates
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7
Isostasy
State of gravitational equilibrium between earths crust and mante
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8
Subsidence/Uplift
Downward vertical movement of the earth's surface / Upward movement of the earth's surface
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9
Continental Rift
Thinning process of the lithosphere
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10
Fault/Fault Zone
A fracture between two blocks of rock allowing them to move relative to each other / An area with several closely spaced faults
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11
Ridge Push
Gravitational forces acting on raised oceanic lithosphere pushing the peak outwards
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12
Basal Drag
The frictional resistance at the base of tectonic plates
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13
Slab Pull
The process in which a denser tectonic plate sinks into the mantle, pulling the rest of the plate with it
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14
Three types of rocks
Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary
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15
Texture
Size, shape, arrangement of mineral grains and crystals in rocks
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16
Grains (in rocks)
Size of individual mineral crystals in rocks
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17
Composition
The way a whole or mixture is made up
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18
Crystallization
The process of solidification of a liquid substance into a highly structured well-defined 3D lattice
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19
Weathering (Chemical and Mechanical)
Mechanical: breaking down rocks into smaller pieces without altering their composition / Chemical: alters the composition of the rock materials
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20
Erosion
The geological process in which materials are worn away and transported by natural forces like wind or water
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21
Deposition
Sediments are transported and then settle in a new location
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22
Compaction
The process of making something more dense
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23
Cementation
The hardening of sediments into rock
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24
Mineral
Substances formed in the earth, typically solid
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25
Rock Cycle
The continuous process where metamorphic rocks change to magma, then to igneous rocks, and the cycle continues with weathering, erosion, and sedimentation.
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26
Stress (3 types)
Compression, tension, and shear
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27
Strain (2 types)
Elastic and plastic
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28
Primary and Secondary Waves
P-waves move back and forth; S-waves move up and down.
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29
Surface Waves
Waves that travel along the surface of the earth.
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30
Seismometer
Measures and records ground motion.
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31
Transform Fault
Where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally.
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32
Fault Zone
A cluster of parallel faults.
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33
Continental Rift Valley
A region where the continental lithosphere is weakening and stretching apart.
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34
Plate Boundaries (3 types)
Divergent: plates move away from each other; Convergent: plates collide; Transform: plates slide past each other.
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35
Subduction Zone
Where two plates collide and one dives beneath the other.
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