Halogens and Atom Economy

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to halogens and atom economy.

Halogens

Elements found in Group 7 of the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a covalent bond.

Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole bonds

Weak attractions that exist between molecules due to momentary changes in electron density.

Shielding

The effect of inner electron shells blocking the nuclear charge from outer electrons.

Displacement reaction

A reaction where a more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halide from solution.

Oxidizing agent

A substance that promotes oxidation by accepting electrons from another substance.

Hydrogen halides

Compounds consisting of hydrogen and a halogen, typically represented as H-X.

Atom economy

A measure of the efficiency of a reaction, calculated as (mass of desired product / total mass of products) x 100.

Reducing agent

A substance that loses electrons in a chemical reaction and thus reduces another substance.

Bond enthalpy

The measure of bond strength in a chemical bond; as the atomic size increases, bond strength typically decreases.

Chlorine uses

Chlorine is used for sterilizing drinking water, making bleach, and in swimming pools.

Hydrophilic

Substances that easily dissolve in water, such as hydrogen halides when they dissociate.

Silver nitrate test

A qualitative test to identify halide ions by the formation of colored precipitates.

Molecular mass

The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule.

Dilute ammonia

A solution used to test for the presence of silver chloride, which dissolves in it.

Concentrated ammonia

A stronger ammonia solution used to test for silver bromide and silver iodide.

Reducing power

The capacity of a halide ion to donate electrons in a chemical reaction.

Sodium hydrogen phosphate

A product formed when sodium chloride reacts with phosphoric acid to generate hydrogen chloride.