unit 1 textbook questions

Which of the following foods is NOT made by fermentation?


1. beer
2. bread
3. cheese
4. orange juice

orange juice

Who is considered the “father of Western medicine”?


1. Marcus Terentius Varro
2. Thucydides
3. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4. Hippocrates

hippocrates

Who was the first to observe “animalcules” under the microscope?


1. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
2. Ötzi the Iceman
3. Marcus Terentius Varro
4. Robert Koch

antonie van leeuwenhoek

Who proposed that swamps might harbor tiny, disease-causing animals too small to see?


1. Thucydides
2. Marcus Terentius Varro
3. Hippocrates
4. Louis Pasteur

marcus terentius varro

Which of the following was NOT a kingdom in Linnaeus’s taxonomy?


1. animal
2. mineral
3. protist
4. plant

protist

Which of the following is a correct usage of binomial nomenclature?


1. Homo Sapiens
2. *homo sapiens*
3. *Homo sapiens*
4. *Homo Sapiens*

Homo sapiens (italicized)

Which scientist proposed adding a kingdom for protists?


1. Carolus Linnaeus
2. Carl Woese
3. Robert Whittaker
4. Ernst Haeckel

ernst haeckel

Which of the following is NOT a domain in Woese and Fox’s phylogenetic tree?


1. Plantae
2. Bacteria
3. Archaea
4. Eukarya

plantae

Which of the following is the standard resource for identifying bacteria?


1. *Systema Naturae*
2. Bergey’s *Manual of Determinative Bacteriology*
3. Woese and Fox’s phylogenetic tree
4. Haeckel’s *General Morphology of Organisms*

bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology

Which of the following types of microorganisms is photosynthetic?


1. yeast
2. virus
3. helminth
4. algae

algae

Which of the following is a prokaryotic microorganism?


1. helminth
2. protozoan
3. cyanobacterium
4. mold

cyanobacterium

Which of the following is acellular?


1. virus
2. bacterium
3. fungus
4. protozoan

virus

Which of the following is a type of fungal microorganism?


1. bacterium
2. protozoan
3. algae
4. yeast

yeast

Which of the following is not a subfield of microbiology?


1. bacteriology
2. botany
3. clinical microbiology
4. virology

botany

Thucydides is known as the father of _______ ________.

scientific history

Researchers think that Ötzi the Iceman may have been infected with _____ disease.

lyme

The process by which microbes turn grape juice into wine is called _______________.

fermentation

In binomial nomenclature, an organism’s scientific name includes its ________ and __________.

genus, species

Haeckel proposed adding the kingdoms ________ and ________ to his phylogenetic tree.

protist, monera

__________ are organisms without membrane-bound nuclei.

prokaryotes

______ are microorganisms that are not included in phylogenetic trees because they are acellular.

viruses

A ________ is a disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

Multicellular parasitic worms studied by microbiologists are called ___________.

helminths

The study of viruses is ___________.

virology

The cells of prokaryotic organisms lack a _______.

nucleus

What did Thucydides learn by observing the Athenian plague?

survivors had immunity

Why was the invention of the microscope important for microbiology?

led to discovery of microbes

What are some ways people use microbes? (also discovered by Robert koch)

fermentation, pasteurization, vaccines

What is a phylogenetic tree?

diagram representing relationships among bacteria, archaea, & eukarya

Which of the 5 kingdoms in Whittaker’s phylogenetic tree are prokaryotic, and which are eukaryotic?

monera are prokaryotic. plantae, animalia, protista, & fungi are eukaryotic

What molecule did Woese and Fox use to construct their phylogenetic tree?

rRNA

Name some techniques that can be used to identify and differentiate species of bacteria.

biochemical, serological, rRNA & DNA sequencing

Describe the differences between bacteria and archaea.

genetics, metabolic pathways, composition of cell walls

Name three structures that various protozoa use for locomotion.

cilia, flagella, pseudopods

Describe the actual and relative sizes of a virus, a bacterium, and a plant or animal cell.

virus is 100nm. 10x smaller than bacterium. bacterium is 1um. 10x smaller than cell. cell is 10-100um.

Explain how the discovery of fermented foods likely benefited our ancestors.

to preserve and enhance food

What evidence would you use to support this statement: Ancient people thought that disease was transmitted by things they could not see.

they quarantined people with disease & developed hygiene practices.

Why is using binomial nomenclature more useful than using common names?

a common name could fit the description of many organisms

what are the three Domains found on modern phylogenetic trees from left to right?

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Contrast the behavior of a virus outside versus inside a cell.

outside: inactive. inside: adopt’s hosts cellular mechanisms & can multiply

Which of the following has the highest energy?


1. light with a long wavelength
2. light with an intermediate wavelength
3. light with a short wavelength
4. It is impossible to tell from the information given.

light with a short wavelength

You place a specimen under the microscope and notice that parts of the specimen begin to emit light immediately. These materials can be described as _____________.


1. fluorescent
2. phosphorescent
3. transparent
4. opaque

fluorescent

Who was the first to describe “cells” in dead cork tissue?


1. Hans Janssen
2. Zaccharias Janssen
3. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4. Robert Hooke

robert hooke

Who is the probable inventor of the compound microscope?


1. Girolamo Fracastoro
2. Zaccharias Janssen
3. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4. Robert Hooke

zaccharias janssen

Which would be the best choice for viewing internal structures of a living protist such as a *Paramecium*?


1. a brightfield microscope with a stain
2. a brightfield microscope without a stain
3. a darkfield microscope
4. a transmission electron microscope

a darkfield microscope

Which type of microscope is especially useful for viewing thick structures such as biofilms?


1. a transmission electron microscope
2. a scanning electron microscopes
3. a phase-contrast microscope
4. a confocal scanning laser microscope
5. an atomic force microscope

a confocal scanning laser microscope

Which type of microscope would be the best choice for viewing very small surface structures of a cell?


1. a transmission electron microscope
2. a scanning electron microscope
3. a brightfield microscope
4. a darkfield microscope
5. a phase-contrast microscope

a scanning electron microscope

What type of microscope uses an annular stop?


1. a transmission electron microscope
2. a scanning electron microscope
3. a brightfield microscope
4. a darkfield microscope
5. a phase-contrast microscope

a phase-contrast microscope

What type of microscope uses a cone of light so that light only hits the specimen indirectly, producing a light image on a dark background?


1. a transmission electron microscope
2. a scanning electron microscope
3. a brightfield microscope
4. a darkfield microscope
5. a phase-contrast microscope

a darkfield microscope

What mordant is used in Gram staining?


1. crystal violet
2. safranin
3. acid-alcohol
4. iodine

iodine

What is one difference between specimen preparation for a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and preparation for a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?


1. Only the TEM specimen requires sputter coating.
2. Only the SEM specimen requires sputter-coating.
3. Only the TEM specimen must be dehydrated.
4. Only the SEM specimen must be dehydrated.

only the SEM specimen requires sputter-coating

When you see light bend as it moves from air into water, you are observing _________.

refraction

A microscope that uses multiple lenses is called a _________ microscope.

compound

Chromophores that absorb and then emit light are called __________.

fluorochromes

In a(n) ____ ___ microscope, a probe located just above the specimen moves up and down in response to forces between the atoms and the tip of the probe.

atomic force

What is the total magnification of a specimen that is being viewed with a standard ocular lens and a 40⨯ objective lens?

400x

Ziehl-Neelsen staining, a type of ____-___ staining, is diagnostic for *Mycobacterium tuberculosis.*

acid-fast

The ____ ___ is used to differentiate bacterial cells based on the components of their cell walls.

gram stain

Explain how a prism separates white light into different colors.

as white light. passes through prism, shorter wavelengths refract more than longer wavelengths & the colors separate

Why did the cork cells observed by Robert Hooke appear to be empty, as opposed to being full of other structures?

They were dead & filled w/air, only rigid cell walls provided structure

What is the function of the condenser in a brightfield microscope?

Contains series of lenses that focus light onto specimen

Label each component of the brightfield microscope.

1. ocular lens 2. revolving nose piece 3. objective lenses 4. coarse focus 5. fine focus 6. stage 7. illuminator 8. diaphragm/condenser 9. mechanical stage 10. rheostat

Which of the following has the lowest energy? \n A.visible light \n B.X-rays \n C.ultraviolet rays \n D.infrared rays

infrared rays

When focusing a light microscope, why is it best to adjust the focus using the coarse focusing knob before using the fine focusing knob?

The coarse focus is for larger scale movements while the fine focus is for smaller scale movements-- so it's important to focus larger picture before trying to focus the smaller picture

You need to identify structures within a cell using a microscope. However, the image appears very blurry even though you have a high magnification. What are some things that you could try to improve the resolution of the image? Describe the most basic factors that affect resolution when you first put the slide onto the stage: then consider more specific factors that could affect resolution for 40x and 100x lenses.

Two factors are wavelength( short wavelengths need electron microscopes and long wavelengths can use light microscopes) and numerical aperture (lens's ability to gather light- increase numerical aperture=better resolution). \n If you increase contrast you'll be able to detect different structures easier in specimens \n For oil immersion lens make sure the oil bridge is still there

You use the Gram staining procedure to stain an L-form bacterium (a bacterium that lacks a cell wall). What color will the bacterium be after the staining procedure is finished?

pink

Which of the following individuals argued in favor of the theory of spontaneous generation?


1. Francesco Redi
2. Louis Pasteur
3. John Needham
4. Lazzaro Spallanzani

john needham

Which of the following individuals is credited for definitively refuting the theory of spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flask?


1. Aristotle
2. Jan Baptista van Helmont
3. John Needham
4. Louis Pasteur

louis pasteur

Which of the following scientists experimented with raw meat, maggots, and flies in an attempt to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?


1. Aristotle
2. Lazzaro Spallanzani
3. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4. Francesco Redi

francesco redi

Which of the following individuals did not contribute to the establishment of cell theory?


1. Girolamo Fracastoro
2. Matthias Schleiden
3. Robert Remak
4. Robert Hooke

girolamo fracastoro

Whose proposal of the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondrial and chloroplast origin was ultimately accepted by the greater scientific community?


1. Rudolf Virchow
2. Ignaz Semmelweis
3. Lynn Margulis
4. Theodor Schwann

lynn margulis

Which of the following developed a set of postulates for determining whether a particular disease is caused by a particular pathogen?


1. John Snow
2. Robert Koch
3. Joseph Lister
4. Louis Pasteur

robert koch

Which of the following terms refers to a prokaryotic cell that is comma shaped?


1. coccus
2. coccobacilli
3. vibrio
4. spirillum

vibrio

Which bacterial structures are important for adherence to surfaces? (Select all that apply.)


1. endospores
2. cell walls
3. fimbriae
4. capsules
5. flagella

fimbriae, capsules

Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram-negative cells?


1. lipopolysaccharide
2. teichoic acid
3. mycolic acid
4. peptidoglycan

lipopolysaccharide

Which of the following terms refers to a bacterial cell having a single tuft of flagella at one end?


1. monotrichous
2. amphitrichous
3. peritrichous
4. lophotrichous

lophotrichous

Bacterial cell walls are primarily composed of which of the following?


1. phospholipid
2. protein
3. carbohydrate
4. peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan

Which of the following organelles is not part of the endomembrane system?


1. endoplasmic reticulum
2. Golgi apparatus
3. lysosome
4. peroxisome

peroxisome

Which type of cytoskeletal fiber is important in the formation of the nuclear lamina?


1. microfilaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules
4. fibronectin

intermediate filaments

Sugar groups may be added to proteins in which of the following?


1. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2. rough endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi apparatus
4. lysosome

golgi apparatus

Which of the following structures of a eukaryotic cell is not likely derived from endosymbiotic bacterium?


1. mitochondrial DNA
2. mitochondrial ribosomes
3. inner membrane
4. outer membrane

outer membrane

Which type of nutrient uptake involves the engulfment of small dissolved molecules into vesicles?


1. active transport
2. pinocytosis
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis
4. facilitated diffusion

pinocytosis

Which of the following is not composed of microtubules?


1. desmosomes
2. centrioles
3. eukaryotic flagella
4. eukaryotic cilia

desmosomes

Exposure to air is necessary for microbial growth.

\
true/false

false

Bacteria have 80S ribosomes each composed of a 60S large subunit and a 40S small subunit.

\
true/false

false

Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes that are structurally similar to those found in prokaryotic cells.

\
true/false

true

The assertion that “life only comes from life” was stated by Louis Pasteur in regard to his experiments that definitively refuted the theory of _____ ______.

spontaneous generation

John Snow is known as the Father of _____________.

epidemiology

The ____________ theory states that disease may originate from proximity to decomposing matter and is not due to person-to-person contact.

miasma

The scientist who first described cells was ______ _______.

robert hooke

Prokaryotic cells that are rod-shaped are called _____________.

bacilli

The type of inclusion containing polymerized inorganic phosphate is called _____________.

volutin

Peroxisomes typically produce ______ _______, a harsh chemical that helps break down molecules.

hydrogen peroxide

Microfilaments are composed of _____________ monomers.

actin

Explain in your own words Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment.

the bend in the neck catches the air particles so that they don’t contaminate the broth (unless the neck breaks). it proved that spontaneous generation is false.

Explain why the experiments of Needham and Spallanzani yielded in different results even though they used similar methodologies.

Both boiled broths to test the theory of spontaneous generation, but Needham didn't boil his long enough. Therefore, there were still microbes in his broth, but he believed they came from spontaneous generation. While Spallanzani boiled his longer, and found that no new microbes formed in his broth unless exposed to the air.

How did the explanation of Virchow and Remak for the origin of cells differ from that of Schleiden and Schwann?

Schwann and Schleiden: cells form from crystallization. \n Virchow and Remak: cells form from other cells (cell division)

What evidence exists that supports the endosymbiotic theory?

Genetic sequencing & phylogenetic analysis show that mitochondria & chloroplasts have similar DNA sequences & chromosome structure to their bacterial counterparts. Also, ribosomes of mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble the ribosomes of bacteria

What were the differences in mortality rates due to puerperal fever that Ignaz Semmelweis observed? How did he propose to reduce the occurrence of puerperal fever? Did it work?

mortality rate of women with physicians was 10-20 %. \n mortality rate of women with midwives was 1%. \n He suggested that physicians wash their hands with chlorinated lime water before & after each patient, & it dropped mortality rates

What is the direction of water flow for a bacterial cell living in a hypotonic environment? How do cell walls help bacteria living in such environments?

Hypotonic environment is where the solute concentration inside the cell is greater than outside the cell, so the water will move by osmosis INTO the cell. \n Cells that have a cell wall can better withstand changes in osmotic pressure & maintain their shape.