ap gov- chapter 14 and 15 political parties and interest groups

yee vitches

political parties

an organized group of party leaders, officeholders, and voters who work together to elect candidates to political office

party identification

the degree to which voters is connected to and influenced by a particular political party

straight-ticket voting

voting for all of the candidates on the ballot from one political party

split-ticket voting

voting for candidates from different parties in the same election

party platform

a set of position and policy objectives that members of a political party agree to

recruitment

the process through which political parties identify potential candidates

party coalition

groups of voters who support a political party over time

realigment

when the group of people who support a political party shifts thier allegiance to a different political party

critical election

a major national election that signals a change in the balance of power between the two parties

party era

time period when one party wins most national election

era of divided government

a trend since 1969, in which one party controls one or both houses of congress and the president is from the opposing party

Iron triangle

Interest-based relationship between a bureaucratic agency, a congressional committee and an interest group focused on a given issue

issue network

Network of interest groups, congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies universities, local government, and mass media who regularly debate a particular issue

Economic interest groups

advocate on behalf of the financial interest of their members

Public interest groups

act on behalf of the collective interests of a broad group of individuals

Single-issue interest groups

associations focusing on one specific area of public policy, often a moral issue which they are unwilling to compromise

Government interest groups

organization acting on behalf of local, state, or foreign government

nomination

the formal process through which parties choose thier candidates for political office

delegates

a person who acts as the voters representative at a convention to select the party's nominee

primary election

an election in which a states voters choose delegates who support a presidential candidate for nomination or an election by a plurality vote to select a party's nominee for a seat in congress

open primaries

a primary election in which all eligible voters may vote regardless of their party affiliation

closed primaries

a primary election in which only those who have registered as a member of political party may vote

caucus

a process through which a sate's eligible voters meet to select delegates to represent thier preference in the nomination process

superdelegate

usually a party leader or activist who is not pledged to a candidate based on the outcome of the state's primary or caucus

font loading

a decision by a astate to push its primary or caucus to a date as early in the election season as possible to gain more influence in the presidential nomination process

national convention

a meeting where delegates officially select their party's nominee for the presidency

two party system

a system in which two political parties dominate politics, winning almost all elections

candidate-centered campaign

a trend in which candidates develop thier own strategies and raise money with less influence form the party elite

proportional representation system

an election system for a legislature in which citizens vote for parties, rather than individuals, and parties are represented in the legislature according to the percentage of the vote they receive

single-member plurality system

an election system for choosing members of the legislature where the winner is the candidate who receives the most votes, even if the candidate does not receive a majority of votes

third parties

a minor political party in competition with two major parties

linkage institutions

channels that connect people with the government

canvas

walking through a neighborhood and talk from door to door to people

ballot requirements

fees, petition signatures required to appear on ballots

electoral college

must win a plurality of votes in a state to receive any electoral votes

B.) Political parties will rely increasingly on social media advertising to reach different coalitions of voters.

“Any candidate using Facebook can put a campaign message promising one thing in front of one group of voters while simultaneously running an ad with a completely opposite message in front of a different group of voters. The ads themselves are not posted anywhere for the general public to see (this is what’s known as ‘dark advertising’), and chances are, no one will ever be the wiser.

That undermines the very idea of a ‘marketplace of ideas,’ says Ann Ravel, a former member of the Federal Election Commission who has long advocated stricter regulations on digital campaigning. ‘The way to have a robust democracy is for people to hear all these ideas and make decisions and discuss,” Ravel said. ‘With microtargeting, that is not happening.’”

Julia Carrie Wong, "'It Might Work Too Well:' the Dark Art of Political Advertising Online," The Guardian, March 19, 2018.

Which of the following scenarios reflects the most direct effect of the practice described in the passage on the electoral process?

A
State legislatures will redraw the boundaries of electoral districts to group like-minded voters together.

B
Political parties will rely increasingly on social media advertising to reach different coalitions of voters.

C
Political campaigns will operate with greater transparency regarding the sources of their financing and advertising.

D
Political parties will play a greater role in recruiting qualified candidates capable of effectively communicating their party’s policy agenda to potential voters.

B.) Voter mobilization

“Any candidate using Facebook can put a campaign message promising one thing in front of one group of voters while simultaneously running an ad with a completely opposite message in front of a different group of voters. The ads themselves are not posted anywhere for the general public to see (this is what’s known as ‘dark advertising’), and chances are, no one will ever be the wiser.

That undermines the very idea of a ‘marketplace of ideas,’ says Ann Ravel, a former member of the Federal Election Commission who has long advocated stricter regulations on digital campaigning. ‘The way to have a robust democracy is for people to hear all these ideas and make decisions and discuss,” Ravel said. ‘With microtargeting, that is not happening.’”

Julia Carrie Wong, "'It Might Work Too Well:' the Dark Art of Political Advertising Online," The Guardian, March 19, 2018.

Which of the following political processes or behaviors is most directly affected by the development described in the passage?

A
Party-line voting in Congress

B
Voter mobilization

C
Campaign finance reform

D
Regional party realignments

D.) collect and manage large databases of information on specific groups of voters

“Any candidate using Facebook can put a campaign message promising one thing in front of one group of voters while simultaneously running an ad with a completely opposite message in front of a different group of voters. The ads themselves are not posted anywhere for the general public to see (this is what’s known as ‘dark advertising’), and chances are, no one will ever be the wiser.

That undermines the very idea of a ‘marketplace of ideas,’ says Ann Ravel, a former member of the Federal Election Commission who has long advocated stricter regulations on digital campaigning. ‘The way to have a robust democracy is for people to hear all these ideas and make decisions and discuss,” Ravel said. ‘With microtargeting, that is not happening.’”

Julia Carrie Wong, "'It Might Work Too Well:' the Dark Art of Political Advertising Online," The Guardian, March 19, 2018.

The practice of “microtargeting” described in the passage is an even more powerful campaign tool for parties if they are able to

A
command greater loyalty to their party platform

B
attract a large audience for their national party conventions

C
develop a unified message that appeals to a majority of voters

D
collect and manage large databases of information on specific groups of voters

A.) The third-party vote in the three states depicted in the chart helped Donald Trump acquire enough electoral votes to win the election.

THE IMPACT OF THIRD-PARTY CANDIDATES ON KEY SWING STATES IN THE 2016 ELECTION

Based on the data in the chart, which of the following best explains a likely impact of third-party votes in the 2016 election?

A
The third-party vote in the three states depicted in the chart helped Donald Trump acquire enough electoral votes to win the election.

B
The third parties were able to gain seats in Congress because of the large number of votes they received in the three states depicted in the chart.

C
The third-party vote counts in the three states depicted in the chart forced the election to a tie, forcing the House of Representatives to cast the deciding vote.

D
The third-party vote counts forced the three states depicted in the chart into runoff elections to decide who would be the winner of each state.

C.) Trump or Clinton could have adopted issues that were popular with Stein’s and Johnson’s voters in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin as part of their campaigns.

THE IMPACT OF THIRD-PARTY CANDIDATES ON KEY SWING STATES IN THE 2016 ELECTION

Based on the data in the chart and your knowledge of presidential elections, which of the following is the best strategy that Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump could have used to pull votes away from the third-party candidates, Jill Stein and Gary Johnson?

A
Trump or Clinton could have promised to work with members of third parties in Congress if elected.

B
Trump or Clinton could have agreed to appoint Stein or Johnson to Cabinet positions after the election.

C
Trump or Clinton could have adopted issues that were popular with Stein’s and Johnson’s voters in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin as part of their campaigns.

D
Trump and Clinton could have agreed to include Stein and Johnson in presidential debates to show that they were open to discussing issue important to third parties.

D.) Lobbying state legislatures to shift from a winner-take-all system to a proportional voting system

THE IMPACT OF THIRD-PARTY CANDIDATES ON KEY SWING STATES IN THE 2016 ELECTION

Based on the data in the chart, which of the following strategies would best help third-party candidates like Jill Stein and Gary Johnson increase their chances of winning elected office?

A
Allowing third-party candidates to create political action groups to raise money when campaigning in swing states

B
Employing campaign managers to develop get-out-the-vote strategies for campaigns in swing states

C
Developing strong party platforms that would attract independent and undecided voters in swing states

D
Lobbying state legislatures to shift from a winner-take-all system to a proportional voting system

C.) A citizen casts votes for all Republicans based solely on the candidates’ affiliation with the Republican Party.

Which of the following scenarios best represents an example of party-line voting?

A
A citizen always votes for the candidate who supports conservation of the environment.

B
A homeowner votes for a candidate based on the candidate’s promise to lower property taxes.

C
A citizen casts votes for all Republicans based solely on the candidates’ affiliation with the Republican Party.

D
A citizen votes for the incumbent member of the House of Representatives after receiving help processing his disability claim.

- Shifts of stanza to appeal to the majority of people (ex: wide acceptance of same sex marriages from republicans due to it being more acceptable) social reason
- Also economic reasons, party probably just suited them more
- Critical elections which polarized voters

Explain how party systems have changed over time and how coalitions have shifted and realignments have occurred within the two major parties.

- Democratic party used to be for big business until later it started to focus on social changes which created a more diverse voters. In 2008 thats when democratic party
- Republicans change to more social conservatism, prom military, white males and business community

Explain how party identification has changed over time in both the Republican and Democratic parties. What is the most recent trend?

- It made it more as a candidate centered campaign, less power to the party leaders
- Vote for preferred candidates

Explain how primary elections have impacted the influence of parties in selecting presidential candidates.

Donald trump and Bernie sanders, they are not really in the party or they have realigned party to party, but people vote democrat or republicans just for these two

Describe how more recent elections have become candidate-centered and how it has affected the role of party elites.

interest groups

voluntary association of people who come together with the foal of getting the policies that they favor enacted

social movements

large groups of citizens organizing for political change

theory of participatory democracy

citizens impact policy making through their involvement in civil society

pluralists theory

a theory of democracy that emphasizes the role of groups in the policymaking process

elites theory

theory of democracy that the elites have disproportionate amount of influence in the policymaking process

policy agenda

the set of issues to which government officials, voters, and the public are paying attention

collective action

political action that occurs when individuals contribute thier energy, time, or money to a larger group goal

collective good (also called a public good)

a public benefit that individuals can enjoy or profit from even if they do not help achieve it

Free rider

individuals who enjoy collective goods and benefit from action of an interest group without joining

selectively benefit

benefit available only to those who join the group

lobbying

interreacting with government officials

revolving door

the movement of individuals between government and lobbying positions

amicus curiae brief

a brief filed by someone who is not a party to a case in an attempt to persuade the court to agree with the arguments set forth in the brief

grassroots lobbying

mobilizing interest groups members to pressure their representatives by contacting them directly through phone call, email, and social media

protest

a public demonstration designed to call attention to theneed for change

civil disobedience

the intentional refusal to obey a law to call attention to its injustice

hyper pluralism

when multiple competing interest develop; can result in gridlock

c.) Parties send volunteers to knock on doors to register voters.

Which of the following best explains how parties link citizens to the electoral process?

A.) Parties determine the leadership of congressional committees.

B.) Parties recruit candidates to run for election.

c.) Parties send volunteers to knock on doors to register voters.

d.) Parties research how best to frame issues in campaigns.

B.) Political parties usually recruit and train people at the local level they believe are most fit to run for office.

Which of the following best explains how most candidates are recruited to run for office?

A.) Candidates for office usually first work as lawyers for political parties before running for office.

B.) Political parties usually recruit and train people at the local level they believe are most fit to run for office.

C.) Most candidates who run for office are recruited by political leaders to do so because they are famous.

D.) Most candidates running for office are selected after earning merit working for the government.

C.) Parties solicit funds from private donors who oftentimes contribute large sums of money.

In which of the following ways do political parties primarily rely on to finance their election activities?

A.) Parties sell posters, stickers, buttons, and other products.

B.) Parties rely primarily on tax revenue.

C.) Parties solicit funds from private donors who oftentimes contribute large sums of money.

D.) By winning elections, parties are able to fund government programs they care about.

C.) Ensuring the party members get out and vote

In addition to nominating candidates to run, which of the following is the other major responsibility of major parties on election day?

A.) Monitoring polls to make sure fraud doesn't occur

B.) Polling voters to keep track of how close a particular race is

C.) Ensuring the party members get out and vote

D.) Discouraging voters from defecting to a third party