Pharmacology - Cardiovascular system - Omniscience

aliskiren

Renin inhibitor; Antihypertensive that inhibits renin, which prevents the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, leading to lower blood pressure. SE: hypotension, angioedema, GI upset, fetal toxicity

Angioedema

Swelling beneath the skin, often in the face, lips, or throat, caused by an allergic reaction or certain medications.

RAAS

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that causes vasoconstriction to raise BP, and increase fluid volume.

RAAS steps

Release of renin to transform angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, then ACE is released to transform angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which go to angiotensin II receptors and stimulate aldosterone release.

-pril

ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) inhibitors

captopril, lisinopril

ACE inhibitors; Antihypertensives, heart failure, and MI meds that inhibit the angiotensin I converting enzyme, thus preventing angiotensin I from converting to angiotensin II, causing vasodilation. SE: Angioedema, Cough, Elevated potassium, hypotension, fetal toxicity

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Damage to heart muscle due to reduced blood flow, often caused by blockage of coronary arteries. It can lead to angina, shortness of breath, and other serious complications.

Angina

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

-sartan

ARBs (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers)

losartan, valsartan

ARBs; Antihypertensives and diabetic nephropathy meds that inhibit the angiotensin II receptor, leading to vasodilation. SE: Hypotension, fatigue,

Diabetic nephropathy

Chronic kidney disease caused by diabetes, resulting in damage to the kidneys and eventual loss of kidney function.

eplerenone

Aldosterone antagonists; Antihypertensive and post-MI heart failure medication that inhibits the effect of aldosterone, leading to decreased sodium reabsorption and potassium retention. SE: Hyperkalemia, dizziness.

-dipine

Calcium Channel blockers (Mainly DHPs)

-amil / zem

Calcium Channel blockers (Non-DHP)

nifedipine

DHP CCB; Hypertension, angina, and pre-term labor medication that blocks calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels to reduce BP & HR. SE: Peripheral edema, hypotension, bradycardia

verapamil, diltiazem

Non-DHP CCBs; Hypertension, angina, and arrhythmia medications that block calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels to reduce BP & HR. SE: Peripheral edema, hypotension, bradycardia

Peripheral edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in tissues, often due to medication side effects such as calcium channel blockers.

clonidine

Centrally acting alpha II agonist; Antihypertensive medication that decreases sympathetic outflow from the CNS to reduce BP. SE: Dizziness, dry mouth, drowsiness

metoprolol, atenolol

Beta 1 blockers; Hypertension, angina, MI, medications that reduce BP & HR by blocking beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. SE: Hypotension, dizziness, bradycardia, erectile dysfunction.

propranolol, labetalol, carvedilol

Nonselective beta blockers; hypertension, angina, Mi medications that block beta 1 & beta 2 receptors to reduce BP & HR, but will also affect bronchial smooth muscle. SE: Bronchospasm, hypotension, dizziness, fatigue.

Bronchospasm

A sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles, leading to difficulty in breathing.

-lol

Beta-blockers

nitroprusside

Vasodilator; Hypertensive crisis medication that lowers BP through potent vasodilation. SE: Hypotension, Cyanide toxicity

Cyanide toxicity

A potentially lethal condition resulting from exposure to cyanide, leading to impaired oxygen utilization at the cellular level. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, confusion, seizures, and can progress to respiratory failure.

nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate

Nitrates; Antianginal medications that cause vasodilation, reduce preload & afterload (at higher doses), and myocardial oxygen demand. Interacts with erectile dysfunctions meds. SE: hypotension, headache, reflex tachycardia

Reflex tachycardia

A compensatory increase in heart rate that occurs in response to a decrease in blood pressure or blood volume.Often from vasodilators.

digoxin

Cardiac glycoside; Heart failure, AFib, AFL medication that has a positive inotropic effect (increases force & efficiency of heart contractions) and a negative chronotropic effect (Decrease HR). SE: digoxin toxicity, arrhythmias, bradycardia

digoxin toxicity

A potentially serious condition resulting from excessive levels of digoxin in the body, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and life-threatening arrhythmias.

procainamide, lidocaine

Class 1 antiarrhythmics; Sodium channel blockers used for ventricular arrhythmias and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). SE: Lupus-like syndrome, hypotension, arrhythmias, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia

atenolol, metoprolol, propanolol

Class 2 antiarrhythmics; Beta-blockers used to treat AFib, AFL, and ventricular arrhythmias. SE: Bronchospasm, dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension.

amiodarone

Class 3 antiarrhythmic; potassium channel blocker used to treat severe arrhythmias like VFib and V-tach. SE: Hypotension, bradycardia, blue-gray skin discoloration

verapamil, diltiazem (Class ?)

Class 4 antiarrhythmics; calcium channel blockers used for AFib, AFL, SVT. SE: Peripheral edema, hypotension, bradycardia

adenosine

Class 5 antiarrhythmic; SVT medication that lowers conduction time through the AV node. SE: Brief period of asystole after administration, shortness of breath

atropine

Anticholinergic/Antimuscarinic; Antiarrhythmic medication that antagonizes ACh to increase HR in order to treat sinus bradycardia, heart block, and drying of secretions during surgery. SE: Anticholinergic side effects

Anticholinergic side effects

Blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia

heparin, enoxaparin

IV/SubQ anticoagulants; Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders by activating antithrombin, thus preventing new clot formation. SE: Bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; monitor aPTT

Thromboembolic disorders

Conditions involving blood clots like DVT, PE, MI, stroke

Therapeutic aPTT range

1.5 - 2 times baseline

protamine sulfate

heparin’s antidote

warfarin

Oral anticoagulant: Coumarin; Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders by antagonizing vitamin K. SE: hepatitis, life-threatening bleeding. Monitor PT/INR levels

Vitamin K

warfarin’s antidote

Therapeutic PT/INR range

2.0 - 3.0

rivaroxaban, apixaban

Oral anticoagulants: Factor Xa inhibitors; Prevention and treatment of blood clots, lowers risk of stroke in patients with AFib. SE: bleeding, liver enzyme changes.

clopidogrel

Platelet aggregation inhibitor; Antiplatelet agent used to prevent MI, stroke in patients with acute coronary syndrome. SE: Bleeding

-grel

Platelet aggregation inhibitors

-parin

Heparins

-zosin

Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

dabigatran

Thrombin inhibitor; Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders by blocking thrombin receptors. SE: Bleeding

argatroban

Thrombin inhibitor; Anticoagulant used in patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) by blocking thrombin receptors. SE: Bleeding

-gatr-

Thrombin inhibitors

-ase

Thrombolytics (Usually)

alteplase, streptokinase, reteplase

Thrombolytics; MI, PE, stroke medications that convert plasminogen (clot buster) into plasmin to dissolve the clot. Contraindicated in patients with recent trauma/surgery, internal bleeding. SE: bleeding

aminocaproic acid

Fibrinolysis inhibitor; Hemorrhage medication that inhibits fibrinolysis to prevent the activation of plasminogen (clot buster) to prevent the breakdown of clots and control bleeding. SE: increased risk of thromboembolism, hypotension, bradycardia

epoetin alfa

Erythropoiesis stimulating agent; HIV, chemotherapy, and anemia due to chronic kidney disease medication that stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs. Contraindicated with uncontrolled hypertension. SE: hypertension, thromboembolism, tumor progression/recurrence

filgrastim

Colony stimulating factor; Neutropenia related to chemotherapy medication that stimulates bone marrow to produce neutrophils. SE: Bone pain, leukocytosis, splenomegaly

epinephrine

Adrenergic: Bronchodilator/Vasopressor; Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, septic shock mediation that stimulates a1R for vasoconstriction, b1R for increased HR, and b2R for bronchodilation. SE: hypertension, tachycardia, angina.

norepinephrine

Adrenergic: Vasopressor; Shock and severe hypotension medication that stimulates a1R for vasoconstriction, b1R for increased CO. SE: Hypertension, arrhythmias, digital necrosis at high doses

dopamine

Adrenergic: Inotropic/Vasopressor; Shock, sepsis, hear or renal failure medication that stimulates a1R for vasoconstriction, b1R for increased CO and dopaminergic receptors for increased renal perfusion. SE: arrhythmias, angina

dobutamine

Adrenergic: Inotropic; Cardiogenic shock and heart failure medication that stimulates b1R to increase CO. SE: hypertension, arrhythmias, angina

Hemodynamics to monitor

PAWP, CO, CVP, SVR, PVR , and MAP.

albumin

Colloid/Volume expander; Shock, hemorrhage and burns medication that maintains osmotic pressure in plasma. Contraindicated with heart failure. SE: Fluid overload

Fluid overload

a condition where there's an excessive amount of fluid in the body, leading to symptoms like swelling, hypertension, and pulmonary edema.

-statin

Statins

atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin

Statins; Antilipemic agents for hypercholesterolemia and prevention of CAD medications that decrease LDL while increasing HDL. SE: Hepatotoxicity and rhabdomyolysis

CAD

Coronary artery disease, a condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Rhabdomyolysis

A serious condition resulting from the breakdown of muscle tissue, releasing myoglobin into the bloodstream, which can cause kidney damage.

-fibr-

Fibric acid derivatives

gemfibrozil, fenofibrate

Fibric acid derivatives; antilipemic agents that help lower triglyceride levels and increase HDL to treat hypercholesterolemia. SE: Gallstones, hepatotoxicity

niacin (Vitamin B3)

Water soluble vitamin; antilipemic agent for hypercholesterolemia that reduces LDL and triglyceride synthesis while increasing HDL. SE: Flushing of the face, hepatotoxicity

ezetimibe

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor; Antilipemic agent for hypercholesterolemia that inhibits cholesterol absorption in the small intestine. SE: Hepatotoxicity, joint pain

colesevelam, cholestyramine

Bile acid sequestrants; antilipemic agents that bind bile acids in GI track, reduces LDL. SE: Constipation, bloating.

chol-, col-

Bile acid sequestrants

folic acid (folate, Vitamin B9)

Antianemic: Water-soluble vitamin for megaloblastic anemia and prevention of neural tube defects during pregnancy by supporting production of RBCs, DNA, RNA, and amino acids

cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Antianemic: Water-soluble vitamin for pernicious anemia and malabsorption of Vitamin B12 by supporting production of RBCs, DNA, and nerve cells

ferrous sulfate (PO), iron dextran (IV/IM)

Antianemics: Iron supplements for iron deficiency anemia that increase hemoglobin levels and support red blood cell production. SE (PO): Teeth staining, harmless dark green/black stools

SE (IV/IM): Staining at injection site

calcium carbonate, calcium citrate

Calcium supplements for hypocalcemia and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by providing essential calcium for bone health and mineralization. SE: Constipation, arrhythmias, bradycardia

calcium gluconate

Calcium supplement for emergency treatment of hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia by providing calcium to stabilize the cardiac membrane and counteract the effects of high potassium and magnesium levels. SE: Constipation, arrhythmias, bradycardia

Expected range of calcium

9-10.5 mg/dL

potassium chloride

Potassium supplement for hypokalemia; helps maintain normal heart and muscle function. SE: Arrhythmias, hyperkalemia.

Expected range of potassium

3.5-5 mEq/L

sodium bicarbonate

Alkalinizing agent/Antacid; Metabolic acidosis, peptic ulcer disease medication that promotes alkaline conditions in the body and neutralizes stomach acid. SE: Metabolic alkalosis

Expected range of HCO3 (Bicarbonate)

21-28 mEq/L

sodium polystyrene sulfonate

Potassium-binding agent; Hyperkalemia medication that exchanges sodium for potassium in the GI tract, promoting potassium excretion. SE: Constipation, hypokalemia.

magnesium chloride, magnesium gluconate, magnesium oxide

Magnesium supplements for hypomagnesemia, preterm labor, and pre-eclampsia that helps correct magnesium deficiency and slows uterine contractions. SE: Magnesium toxicity

Magnesium toxicity

A potentially serious condition resulting from excessive magnesium levels in the body, leading to symptoms like respiratory depression, hypotension, and cardiac disturbances.

-xaban / -ban

Factor Xa inhibitors

-cain

Sodium channel blockers

Antilipemics

Cholesterol Colas Sound Fucking Nice Everyday (C/C, S, F, N, E)

Antiarrhythmic Classes 1-5

(Cain) Please Lemme AMP(lol) A Very Dangerous Antiarrhythmic (P&L; A,M,P; A, V&D; A)

Anticoagulants

People Want Gay X-mas Bells (P, W, G, X/B)

Antihypertensives w/o suffixes

Alis Expects Nitro Car (A, E, N, C)

Antihypertensives

A Zesty Zygote Doesn’t Like Some People (A/Z, Z, D, L, S, P)