Intro to Exercise Science Exam 2

athletic training

An area of exercise science that helps with the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries to physically active individuals and athletes.

sports medicine

An umbrella term used to describe all things related to medicine, physical activity, exercise, sport performance enhancement, health promotion, and disease prevention.

palpate

To examine by feeling and pressing with the palms of the hands and the fingers.

closed kinetic chain

When forces along the body are transmitted to an adjacent structure, usually the floor or a piece of equipment.

open kinetic chain

When forces along the body are allowed to dissipate into the air.

therapeutic modalities

Machines, devices, or substances that are used to enhance recovery from an injury.

arthroscopy

A minimally invasive surgical procedure used to examine and treat damage to the interior of a joint

direct calorimetry

The measurement of heat produced by a chemical reaction or by the body

indirect calorimetry

The measurement of energy production by the body using the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced.

basal metabolic rate

The level of metabolism, as measured by energy expenditure, required to maintain the normal physiologic functions of the body.

epidemiological studies

The study of factors affecting the health and disease of large groups of individuals.

hypoglycemia

An abnormally low level of sugar in the blood.

transamination

The transfer of an amino group from one chemical compound to another.

nonessential amino acids

An amino acid that can be synthesized by the body from other amino acids.

essential amino acids

An amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet.

catabolism

Metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.

anabolism

Phase of metabolism in which complex molecules, such as the proteins and fats that make up body tissues, are formed from simpler ones.

meta-analysis

The process of statistically analyzing data from previously published research studies.

food swamp

Geographical areas characterized by access to high-calorie fast food and junk food.

muscle glycogen

The storage form of glucose in skeletal muscle.

antioxidant vitamins

Compounds that work to limit the formation of oxygen free radicals.

oxygen free radicals

Compounds produced during cellular metabolism when an oxygen molecule is combined with an unpaired electron making them highly reactive and potentially damaging to the cell.

female athlete triad

A combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis that is prevalent in female athletes who participated in sports where low body weight is an important factor in success.

sports anemia

A condition of low blood hemoglobin that is the result of increases in blood volume.

euhydration

A state of normal levels of body water.

hyponatremia

An abnormally low concentration of sodium ions in blood.

rhabdomyolysis

A breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers with leakage of muscle fiber contents into the circulation.

ad libitum

A condition of drinking or eating as much or as often and necessary of desired.

hypnotic catalepsy

A state of physical rigidness induced by hypnosis.

ecological models

Belief in an understanding that the individual is part of a larger group and that this influences the actions and behaviors of the individual.

metatheoretical approach

The discussion of the fundamentals, structure, or relationship of a specific theory of knowledge.

attribution theory

Belief that explains how an individual interprets achievement outcomes and how that interpretation influences future behavior.

Theory of Planned Behavior/Reason Action

A theory used to describe and predict deliberate and planned individual behavior.

Transtheoretical Model of Behavior

A model used to understand the stages that individuals progress through and the cognitive and behavioral processes they use while changing health behaviors.

maturational theorists

Individuals who believe that the chief principle of developmental change in an individual is maturation.

multistore memory model

The most widely used model to explain memory storage in humans.

dynamic systems theory

A theory used to describe the complex interaction of systems that can change in response to a stimulus.

static biomechanics

The study of bodies and masses at rest or in a constant state of motion.

dynamic biomechanics

The branch of mechanics dealing with systems when they are speeding up or slowing down.

kinematics

The study of motion, including the patterns and speed of movement of the body segments, without consideration given to the mass of the body or the forces acting on it.

kinetics

The study of the forces acting on a body or system of bodies, especially of forces that do not originate within the system itself.

clinical biomechanics

A branch of biomechanics centered on improving the ability of an injured or disabled individual to perform activities of daily living, including work and leisure activities, physical activity, or exercise.

sport biomechanics

A branch of biomechanics centered on improving sport performance by athletes through the improvement in movement techniques or the development of equipment.

electromyography

A technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity of a muscle or muscle group.

rectilinear translation

When all points on a body move in a straight line, the same distance, and with no change in direction.

curvilinear translation

Occurs when all points on a body move the same distance but the paths followed by the points on the object are curved.

angular motion

The motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis.

cartesian coordinate system

A system in which the location of a point is given by coordinates that represent its distances from perpendicular lines that intersect at a point called the origin.

recombinant cycle ergometer

A cycle ergometer that allows the rider to be seated with the legs supine and the back supported.

metabolic indirect calorimetry

The assessment of energy expenditure through the measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.

metabolic measurement cart

An instrument that measures the volumes of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced.

whole body plethysmograph

An instrument that allows for the measurement of lung volumes.

thallium testing

A nuclear imaging test that shows how well blood flows into the heart while at rest or during exercise.

metabolite

A substance produced during a chemical reaction.

anabolic state

The process where the body is building larger molecules or compounds from smaller molecules or compounds.

substrate

Substances in the body that are acted on by enzymes in a chemical reaction.

accelerometer

A device that measures and records the movement of the human body.

Air displacement plethysmography

A process for measuring body composition that utilizes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume to measure body volume directly.

regression equation

A mathematical equation that measures the relationship between two different variables.

High-pressure liquid chromatograph

An instrument used to separate, identify, and quantify compounds.

Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer

An instrument used to detect the presence of a substance in a test sample.

potentiometer

An instrument that measures an unknown voltage to a standard known voltage.

Electroencephalography

The measurement and recording of the electric activity of the brain.

Positron emission tomography

A computer-generated image of metabolic or physiologic activity in the body generated through the detection of gamma rays.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

An imaging technique used to examine relationships between physical changes in the brain and mental functioning.

constructionist approach

A sociologic theory that considers how a social phenomenon develops in a specific social context.