Lecture 10- Living on the Land in North America

Four Examples of Native American Architecture

Tipi, Haida, Pueblo, Longhouse

Tipis

Great Plains, mobility, horses let to tipi sizes growing

Haida houses

houses out of cedar planks set atop posts and beams

houses modifiable for weather conditions, additional covering for heat and removing them for ventilation

Acoma Pueblo

worked with the local topography in order to build a defensible community atop a desert mesa, constructed of adobe

Longhouses

along the coast and inland throughout what is known as the Eastern Woodland- bent-timber frame covered by reed matting that could be adjusted according to the time of day and the season to let in more or less light and air.

The American Colonies

Spanish= St. Augustine

French= Quebec

Dutch= New Amsterdam

English= Jamestown

Williamsburg, Virginia

Jamestown colony attempted to renew its urban efforts by moving the capital to Williamsburg, a site on high ground midway between the York and James Rivers

Site/ Location/ Architect

Tuckahoe

Tuckahoe, Virginia, USA

N/A

central-hall plan

American Colonial architecture

the floor plan of a house having two rooms symmetrically situated on each side of a centrally located hallway; a stair in the hallway leading to the loft space above

Image Identification+ Caption

birthplace of Thomas JeƯerson

served as a plantation.

central hall plan modified with two rooms on each side of the central hallway

The site plan:

• grand alley that raises prominence and stature of the home despite its modest materials.

• Nearby the main house, there are amenities such as the kitchen and stables at a distance to protect from fires spreading and destroying nearby buildings, most of which are built of flammable materials like wood.

Site/ Location/ Architect

Stratford Hall

Montross, Virginia, USA

N/A

Image Identification+ Caption

head of a large estate that grew tobacco for export and designed for the governor of Virginia.

Georgian style, shows the English upper classes active interest in the colonies.

central hall plan

yard in front of the building

housing for the enslaved nearby but still at somewhat of a distance. The waterway was the main point of access for visitor and for the trading of goods.

Site/ Location/ Architect

Shirley Plantation

Hopewell, Virginia, USA

N/A

Image Identification+ Compare

Villa Pisani vs. Shirley Plantation

Both buildings display neo Palladian influences.

The Shirley plantation’s main mansion is made completely of brick. It had a two-story portico with Doric columns on two sides of the house that allowed visitors from both the James River and the land said to be greeted with an entrance.

meetinghouse

A building used for public gathering and especially for Christian worship in the past

pulpit

Partially enclosed elevated desk of wood, masonry, etc., in a church

tester

Ornate canopy over the pulpit

Site/ Location/ Architect

John Whipple House

Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA

N/A

saltbox

gable-roofed residential structure typically two stories in the front and one in the rear

Site/ Location/ Architect + IMAGE CAPTION

Independence Hall

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

N/A

• resembled the greatest mansions of the area during the 18th century

• employed a central hall plan with 9 bays and was built entirely out of brick.

• The tower added later on reflects the influence of Wren’s churches.

• Similarly, the galleried interior reflects Wren and Gibb’s precedent.

Image Identification+ Image Caption

St. Bride vs. Independence Hall

Both: reflecst Wren’s use of a great tower feature that can be seen from a distance .

Independence Hall: the tower was added later on due to Wren’s influence in church designs.

St. Bride: the tower conflated the urban the medieval urban typology with modern classical details. St.Bride also has a great dome that can be seen from a distance.