IB SEHS OPTION B HL

Personality

Relatively stable traits and enduring aspects of individuals. Making them unique but at the same time permit a comparison between individuals

Interactionist approach

Behaviour is a function of both personality and environment

Social learning theory

The theory proposes that people learn through observing demonstrations of others physical activity behaviours.

Motivation

The internal mechanism and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour

Two types of motivation

Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation from within one self
Pride etc.

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation from outside
Fame etc.

If you do a sports tournament with intrinsic motivation as a key motivation

Less pressure than people who participate with extrinsic motivation as a key motivation

If you do a sports tournament with extrinsic motivation as a key motivation

Increased anxiety and brings less joy

What is Intrinsic motivation driven by?

Personal goals, pride, achievements and self determination

What is Extrinsic motivation driven by?

Financial rewards, social rewards and trophies

Extrinsic rewards may

Reduce intrinsic motivation

Cognitive evaluation theory

Designed to explain the effects of external consequences on internal motivation

Self-determination theory

competence, autonomy, and relatedness are the three basic human needs, and the degree to which they are satisfied will go a long way to determining an individual's intrinsic motivation

Atkinson's model of Achievement Motivation

there is a need to achieve success in order to avoid failure.

How does Atkinson's model achieve success and avoid failure?

By setting a standard of excellence

Traits of high achievers

Risk takers, aim high

Traits of low achievers

Will avoid situations where they may be seen to fail

Goal Orientation

Why people are participating and what the meaning of succes and failure is

Task orientation, reasons for participation (Subset of goal orientation)

associated with intrinsic motivation, effort, persistence and enjoyment

Outcome orientation, reasons for participation (Subset of goal orientation)

judges success by how they compare to others

Task orientation, perception of succes and failure (Subset of goal orientation)

feel good about themselves and they have higher self-esteem because their perception of their ability is based on their own standards of reference or performance standards

Outcome orientation, perception of succes and failure (Subset of goal orientation)

you feel good when you win, but not so good about yourself when you lose

Weiner's attribution theory

based around self serving bias

Self serving bias

It was not our fault

(subset of self serving bias) Failure

Uncontrollable forces
-Weather
-Luck

(subset of self serving bias) Succes

Controllable factors
-Internal
-Personal

Why self serving bias?

To maintain athletes self-esteem and motivation

Locus (ponit or place)

Is a factor of
Casuality
-Internal
-External
Stability
-Stable
-Unstable
Control
-No control
-Have control

Arousal

Arousal is how physically ready, alert and/or prepared, and mentally motivated, interested and excited an athlete is prior to and throughout the performance

Theoretical approach to arousal

Drive reduction theory
Inverted U Hypothesis
Catastrophe Theory

Drive reduction theory

Humans will do the things that allow them to have their internal drive reduced
-When you are thirsty, you drink water.

Athletes possible emotions

Anxiety
Depression
Pleasure

Aroused athlete

Higher elevated heart rate and good cognitive engagement

Under aroused athlete

Not so good cognitive engagement

Anxiety

A negative emotional state which feelings of nervousness are associated with arousal of the body

Trait anxiety

An enduring personality trait

State anxiety

A temporary emotional condition

Measurement of anxiety

(SCAT - Sports Competition Anxiety test) Subjects respond to a questionnaire

Pros and cons of SCAT

Pro:
Easy to conduct
Cons:
Open to response bias

Physcological skill training (PST)

Systematic and consistent practice of mental or psychological skills

Goal of PST

Athletes to effectively function without needing direction from coach

If two athletes have same physical abilities who will win?

The athlete who has better mental skills

Three phases of PST

Education
Acquisition
Practice

Education PST

Increasing athlete awareness of the role of mental skills and how it can affect performance

Acquisition PST

Learning strategies and how to use PST

Practice PST

Automation of the skills

Goal setting

Enhancing self confidence and motivation

Three types of goals

Outcome
-Performing better than another team
Performance
-To throw a javelin 75 meters
Process
-Achieve specific targets and reduce anxiety

Mental imagery

Concentration enhancement

Two types of imagery

Internal
External

Internal imagery

The execution of a skill from your vantage point

External imagery

Viewing yourself from an outside, like a video

When can Mental imagery be performed

Before and after practice

Relaxation techniques

Arousal regulation and reducing anxiety

(Subset of relaxation techniques) Progressive muscular relaxation (PMR)

A technique used to manage stress, tension and anxiety
-Major muscle groups are tensed for a few seconds and then relaxed in sequence

(Subset of relaxation techniques) Breathing techniques

Mechanism for pre competition anxiety
-Just a breathing technique that makes you relax and decrease anxiety

(Subset of relaxation techniques) Bio feedback

Physically oriented technique
Electronic devices

Self talk

Mental preperation

Positive self talk

Positive self statements
-Enhance self esteem
-Performance etc.

Negative self talk

Negative self statements
-Decreases self esteem
-Perfomance etc.

thought stopping

Used to stop negative self talk and maybe even change it to positive self talk

Outline the term talent. (HL Only)

Talent is a multidimensional concept identified by
characteristics that are only partially genetically
determined. It involves psychological as well
as physiological, motor, sociological and
environmental factors.

Two areas of talent identification (HL Only)

Subjective Assessments
Objetive Assessments

Multidimensional Talent Identification and Development (TID) (HL Only)

Need to monitor progress and behavior during a development program over time.
Balancing weaknesses in one area for strengths in another
Providing opportunities for athletes to develop psychological behaviors

Four stages of athlete development (HL Only)

Initiation
Development
Mastery
Maintenance

Four stages of athlete development (HL Only): Initiation

Characterized by high amounts of play and low levels of practice. Focused on multi-skills rather than specialization.

Four stages of athlete development (HL Only): Development

specialization of sporting skills will occur; a balance now between deliberate play and deliberate practice

Four stages of athlete development (HL Only): Mastery

involves low amounts of play and high levels of practice / focused on specific skills.

Four stages of athlete development (HL Only): Maintenance

the athlete is maintaining their high level of proficiency through high levels of practice.

Talent Transfer (HL Only)

is a reduction or cessation of participation in one sport in order to pursue another sport that involves similar skills or physiological requirements.

Reasons for an elite athlete to transfer to a second sport (HL Only)

an injury
plateau in performance / loss of motivation
desire to prolong an athlete's sporting career / geographical reasons
desire for a greater success than that in the first sport / financial reasons

Distinguish between talent identification and multidimensional talent identification and development.