formative revision

Erythrocyte

Blood cell which does not contain a nucleus, mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum

B cells

Cells which produce immunoglobulins

Bursa fabricus

Lymphoid organ in birds that gave name to b cells

B cells

Cells produced by the liver in foetal midlife and in the bone marrow thereafter

B cells

Cells responsible for humoral immunity via antibody production

Eosinophils

Cells which stain red/orange with acidic dyes

Eosin

Acidic dye involved in staining cells

Eosinophils

Cells involved in fighting parasites and in the allergic response

Basophils

Cells which stain blue/purple in basophilic dyes

Basophils

Cells which release histamine and are involved in the allergic response

Monocytes

The largest type of leukocyte

Monocytes

Cells which can differentiate into macrophages in tissues and dendritic cells in lymph nodes

Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum

Organelles which are notably absent from an erythrocyte

Natural killer cells

Cytotoxic lymphocytes which provide rapid responses to virus infected cells, and respond to tumour formation

Neutrophils

The most abundant type of white blood cell

Neutrophils

White blood cells which is part of the initial innate response. They phagocytose pathogens

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

T cells

cells that are important for producing a cellular immune response

Nucleosome

DNA in a cell is packaged around specific proteins (histones) forming chromatin. What is the smallest packaging unit of chromatin?

8

Number of histone subunits in a core of proteins which stretches of DNA are wrapped around

Histones

Proteins which DNA is packaged around to form chromatin

Introns

mRNA sequence reflects the DNA sequence it is transcribed from, but during the process of conversion of pre-mRNA to mRNA, some sequences are spliced out - what are these called?

Exons

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

Introns

Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences.

Chromosome

The genomic material in human somatic cells is duplicated and then separates to the poles, and the future new cells during mitosis. Which structures line up on the metaphase plate in preparation for the separation?

46

Number of long DNA molecules packaged into structures called chromosomes in humans.

44

Number of homologous chromosomes in humans

2

Number of sex chromosomes in humans

Chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Metaphase plate

Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.

Chromatid

One half of a replicated chromosome.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA. It is responsible for growth and reproduction

Poly a tail

Modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.

Telomere

a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes

Nucleolus

Organelle involved in the assembly of ribosomes

Ribosomes

Structures made in the nucleolus. They are made from ribosomal RNA and protein

Ribosomes

Where protein molecules are synthesised

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Organelle involved in the formation of protein hormones

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Organelle which is the site of protein synthesis

granular endoplasmic reticulum

Another name for rough endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosomes

Organelle involved in the hydrolysis of foreign substances taken up by endocytosis

Lysosomes

Organelles which make up the intracellular digestive system

Lysosomes

Organelles which contain hydrolases for their function

Hydrolases

enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions. They are contained in lysosomes.

Centrosomes

Microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis

Endosome

Membrane-enclosed compartment of a eukaryotic cell through which material ingested by endocytosis passes on its way to lysosomes/ different parts of the cell.

Mitochondria

Organelle which is the site of ATP production

Peroxisomes

Small organelle which contains the reducing enzyme catalase and usually some oxidases. They play a key role in oxidation of molecules

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Organelle which creates lipids

G protein

the signalling mediator that acts at the membrane as a molecular switch to transduce signals from the receptor to the cytoplasm

Cytosol transcription factor

The signalling mediator that binds lipid soluble signal molecules and is dimerised to induce action

3'5' cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

The signalling mediator that is hydrolysed by phosphodiesterases to terminate signalling activity

Adenosine triphosphate

compound used by cells to store and release energy

Calcium

An ion used in certain types of intracellular signalling

Diacylglycerol

A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane.

Kinase

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.

Phosphatase

An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a phosphate functional group from a protein.

Phosphoinositol

Signalling entity that regulates cell activities through direct interaction with membrane proteins

Stratified

Epithelium in which not all cells are in contact with the basement membrane

Pseudostratified

Epithelium with single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not. All cells are in contact with the basement membrane

Squamous

Principal epithelium of the lung alveoli which aids gaseous diffusion

Columnar

The principal lining epithelium of the stomach

Cuboidal

Epithelial which is square shaped

Endothelial

Epithelium which lines the blood vessles

Trophectoderm

the outer layer of a mammalian blastocyst, forms part of the placenta

Urothelium

Epithelium living the lower urinary tract which is highly specialised.

Tract

A structure consisting of a bundle of nerve fibres within the central nervous system that form part of the white matter

Synapse

Signals are transmitted between a neuron and another cell across this junction

Axon

The structure that carries signals away from a single neuron

Axon hillock

Cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body.

Soma

cell body of a neuron

Dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Dorsal root ganglion

A cluster of neurons in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve. They contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons

Myelin

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

Nerve

bundle of axons in PNS

Neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons

Second branchial arch

The upper body and lesser Cornu of the hyoid bone derive from the (think pharyngeal arches)

Hyoid bone

The upper body and lesser Cornu of the ___________ _________ are derived from the second branchial arch in pharyngeal embryology

Hyoid bone

The greater Cornu and inferior body of the _________ _________ are derived from the third branchial arch in pharyngeal arch embryology

Third branchial arch

the greater Cornu and inferior body of the hyoid derive from the (think pharyngeal arches)

First branchial arch

The mandible is derived from the (think pharyngeal arches)

Mandible

Bone derived from the first branchial arch in pharyngeal arch embryology

Mouth

Region formed from the perforation of the buccopharyngeal membrane in pharyngeal arch embryology

Anterior pituitary

Formed from Rathke's Pouch in pharyngeal arch embryology

Perforation of the buccopharyngeal membrane

The mouth forms from the (think pharyngeal arches)

Rathke's pouch

in the roof of early oral cavity, an upward growth of tissue breaks loose and forms the anterior part of the pituitary glan. Contacts a downward growth of tissue from the brain and forms posterior pituitary gland

Mesoderm

From which structures do bone cells derive

ectoderm

From which structures do glial cells of the CNS derive?

Neural tube

All cells of the CNS arise from the ________ _________ of the embryo which itself is formed when part of the ectoderm layer folds inwards and the _______ _______ pinches off to become a separate structure

Endoderm

From which structures do liver cells derive

Endoderm

Part of embryo which runs through the middle and links to the yolk sac

Amniotic cavity

the fluid-filled space between the embryo and the amniotic sac

Blastocyst cavity

Hollow, fluid-filled center of blastocyst

exocoelomic membrane

Forms from the hypoblast and surrounds the primitive yolk sac, lining the inner surface of the cytotrophoblast

Polar body

a small haploid cell that is formed concomitantly as an egg cell during oogenesis, but which generally does not have the ability to be fertilized

Primitive yolk sac

aka exocoelomic cavity. What forms from the blastocyst cavity.

Trophoblast

Cells which form the outer layer of the blastocyst , which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta

zona pellucida

A glycoprotein layer secreted by the granulosa cells that surround the egg.