SHS 310 Biology: Breathing Exam Terms & Definitions

Where does the diaphragm connect?

ribs, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebrae

What direction do the fibers of the diaphragm pull?

all directions

What are the major muscles of inspiration aside from the diaphragm?

Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, litmus dorsi, scalenes, external intercostals, and cartilaginous portion of internal intercostals

What keeps the torso rigid during breathing?

erector spinae group

How are the intercostals arranged?

crosshatched

Why is it important that the intercostals are crosshatched?

It creates strength for pressure differentials

What is flail chest?

two or more ribs broken in two or more places; the pressure changes (collapse or protrude); leading to shortness of breath

Major muscles of expiration?

Lateral or osseous portion of internal intercostals, abs, obliques, serratus posterior, transverse thoracis

How do the obliques tighten the sides of the abdomen if there is no bone to pull against?

They pull against the linea alba

What is the linea alba?

connective tissue that runs from the sternum to the pubic symphysis

What can aide in exhalation aside from muscular contraction?

gravity and elasticity (recoil of elastic tissue)

What happens to the thoracic cavity pressure when the diaphragm relaxes?

it increases; positive pressure

What are the vertebral divisions and how many vertebrae in each?

cervical 7; thoracic 12; lumbar 5

Why is there an inverse relationship between vertebral foramen and vertebral body size?

The vertebral foramen is larger at the top because there are more nerves

The vertebral body size is larger at the bottom because it needs more strength for structure

What is the atlas and what does it do?

C1; interfaces the skull with the spinal column and prevents the skull from turning too much

How do the ribs connect?

Three connections on the vertebrae; 2 connections on the corresponding vertebrae (transverse process and superior costal facet) and 1 on the rib above (inferior costal facet)

Parts of ribs?

osseous and cartilaginous

What are the types of ribs and how many?

true ribs (1-7)

false ribs (8-12)

floating ribs (11 & 12)

What are the sternum sections?

Manubrium (handle)

Gladiolus (sword)

Xiphoid (sword point)

Which ribs connect to the manubrium?

1 & 2

Which ribs connect to the gladiolus?

2-7

What is the air tube called?

trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles

What are the trachea's rings made of and why are they so important?

They are made of cartilage and provide support to the trachea without being too rigid

What small structures are at the end of the tubes?

alveoli

What is the function of alveoli?

gas (oxygen) exchange and do it so well because they have a lot of surface area

What aspect of speech can airflow modulate?

loudness

Where can we find different pressures?

subglottal pressure and intraoral pressure

What is typical inspiration/expiration rate?

40% in, 60% out; 12 breaths per minute

typical inspiration/expiration rate during speaking?

10% in, 90% out; 12 breaths per minute

What happens to breathing during listening to a conversation?

You mirror the speaker's breathing patterns

What volumes are used in speech?

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

tidal volume (TV)

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

What muscles are used in speech?

all of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles

What muscles do you use to hold breath

inspiratory

What happens during high load questions?

speech pause and hold breath

What is typical of speech/breathing in Parkinson's?

breathy and/or creaky voice

How do we coordinate breathing with what we'll say?

longer inhalations for longer speech

inhalations at natural pauses

What does the coordination of breathing and speech indicate?

It indicates that we have an idea of what we are going to say or how long the statement will be even if we haven't chosen all the words yet.

The most important muscle for quiet, tidal breathing is?

the diaphragm

What muscle forms an almost complete barrier between the abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity?

the diaphragm

What two things penetrate the diaphragm?

the esophagus and blood flow

What helps the lungs glide easily?

pleural lining

Where are the lungs attached?

the trachea

What happens to pressure in the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm contracts?

it decreases; negative pressure

Do the lungs have positive or negative pressure at inhalation

negative pressure

What is the relationship between volume and pressure?

they are inversely related

Why does air flow out when the diaphragm relaxes?

The air flows out because there is less volume and higher pressure.

When the diaphragm contracts, the volume in the cavity changes, creating what kind of alveolar pressure?

negative alveolar pressure

When the diaphragm contracts, which is higher, atmospheric or alveolar pressure?

atmospheric

What runs through the middle of the diaphragm?

the central tendon

What runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis?

linea alba

What is always used in inspiration but not always expiration.

muscular control

Th sternocleidomastoid inserts on both the clavicle and manubrium of the sternum. It originates at the

mastoid process of the skull

Breathing rates and gestures of conversational partners ________ over the course of a conversation

synchronize