Urinalysis, Body Fluids, Hematology, Chemistry, Immunology, Microbiology, and Immunohematology Flashcards

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Flashcards containing key terms and definitions from lecture notes on Urinalysis, Body Fluids, Hematology, Chemistry, Immunology, Microbiology, and Immunohematology.

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49 Terms

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Nitrite Test

A positive nitrite test indicates the presence of bacteria capable of converting nitrates to nitrites, signifying a potential urinary tract infection.

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Cystine Crystals

These hexagonal plate crystals are associated with cystinuria, a genetic disorder affecting amino acid transport.

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Osmolarity

The most accurate measure for determining the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, valuable in renal concentration testing.

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Transudates

Typically have a WBC count of less than 1000/µL, distinguishing them from exudates, which have higher counts due to inflammation.

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Cholesterol Crystals

The presence of cholesterol crystals is most commonly associated with conditions that result in significant proteinuria, such as nephrotic syndrome.

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Monosodium Urate Crystals

Are characteristic of gout and are typically identified in synovial fluid.

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Phenylketonuria (PKU)

The presence of phenylpyruvic acid produces a characteristic mousy odor in urine.

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WBC Casts

The presence of WBC casts is a key differentiator between cystitis and pyelonephritis, indicating kidney involvement.

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Amniotic Fluid

Testing for glucose and creatinine helps distinguish amniotic fluid from urine.

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Paracentesis

The appropriate method for obtaining ascitic fluid for analysis when collecting ascites.

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CSF/serum albumin index

Assesses the integrity of the blood-brain barrier; a high index suggests damage.

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Ictotest

For confirming positive bilirubin results for accurate liver function assessment.

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Acid Phosphatase

A specific marker for the presence of semen in body fluids.

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Eosin Nigrosin

Used to differentiate live (unstained) and dead (stained) sperm when performing sperm viability stain.

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Arginine Vasopressin

Regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, influencing urine concentration.

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Calcium Oxalate

Colorless, dumbbell-shaped crystals in alkaline urine.

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Acholic Stool

Pale or clay-colored stool typically results from posthepatic biliary obstruction, indicating bile flow issues.

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Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase test

Essential for confirming hairy cell leukemia, distinguishing it from other hematological conditions.

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Bite Cells

Indicative of G6PD deficiency and result from the oxidative damage to red blood cells.

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Auer Rods

Cytoplasmic inclusions found in myeloid cells, most commonly associated with acute myelocytic leukemia, serving as a diagnostic feature.

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Prussian Blue Stain

This stain is specifically used to identify iron-containing granules, helping to differentiate siderotic granules from basophilic stippling in red blood cells.

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Pelger-Huet anomaly

Associated with hyposegmented neutrophils and is often benign.

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The Kleihauer-Betke test (KB test)

Detects fetal cells in maternal blood to assess fetal-maternal hemorrhage, especially for Rh-negative mothers.

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INR

A standardized measurement of blood clotting time, based on the Prothrombin Time (PT) test.

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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

Indicates the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell, normal range 26 - 34 pg

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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

Indicates the average hemoglobin concentration in RBCs, normal range 32 - 36 g/dL. Low MCHC indicates hypochromic anemia, while a high MCHC may suggest conditions like spherocytosis.

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Protein C Deficiency

Protein C prevents excessive clotting by inactivating clotting factors. Inherited (gene mutation) or acquired (liver disease, vitamin K deficiency).

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Anisocytosis

Different sizes of RBCs (small and large; microcytosis, macrocytosis) – common in anemia.

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Total Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)

A critical marker used in the detection and management of prostate carcinoma.

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Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Increases

Strongly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, a primary liver cancer.

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Sodium Fluoride

Commonly used in plasma glucose analysis to inhibit glycolysis, thereby preserving the glucose level in the sample for accurate measurement.

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Total Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels

Reflect the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, providing insight into overall glucose management.

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Aldolase and Creatine Kinase (CK)

Measuring both helps confirm the diagnosis of a case of suspected skeletal muscle disease, as these enzymes are released during muscle injury.

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Iron-Binding Capacity

Magnesium carbonate is used to remove excess unbound iron, ensuring that the assay accurately reflects the iron-binding capacity of transferrin.

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Total Protein

The Biuret reaction is the standard method for measuring total protein in serum, indicating protein concentration based on the presence of peptide bonds.

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Chief Plasma Cation

Sodium is the primary cation in plasma, playing a crucial role in maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body.

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Coulometry

A technique used to measure chloride levels in sweat, which is particularly useful in diagnosing cystic fibrosis.

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Lipase

The most specific enzyme for diagnosing acute pancreatitis, as it remains elevated longer than amylase in cases of pancreatic inflammation.

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Erythrocytes

Primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

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Sodium

A chief plasma cation that is playing a crucial role in maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the body.

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Hepatitis B

an enveloped DNA virus and is commonly transmitted through blood and body fluids.

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Trichomonas vaginalis

transmitted through sexual contact, as it does not form cysts and relies on direct person-to-person transmission.

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Gram-positive, catalase-negative cocci

that do not grow on MacConkey agar and form colonies at 6,800 CFU/mL should be further tested to identify the specific Streptococcus species.

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Escherichia coli

is oxidase-negative, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is oxidase-positive, making them appropriate controls for testing oxidase production.

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Enterobius vermicularis

eggs are commonly collected using scotch tape on the perianal area.

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Fresh blood

typically less than 7 days old preferred for transfusions for infants.

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U Antigen

Closely linked to the S and s antigens, cells negative for U will typically also lack reactivity with anti-S.

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Kell Antigen

one of the most immunogenic antigens in the blood group systems, second only to the D antigen in the Rh system.

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Spleen

primarily functions to filter and remove aging or damaged red blood cells from circulation.