AP Psych module 52-59

Alex's version

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

• interplay between nature (push) and nurture (pull)

substance use disorder

may find cravings override safety (motivations get hijacked by this)

instinct theory

replaced by evolutionary perspective, focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors

• motivated to survive

• instincts as a source of motivations

arousal theory

finding right level of stimulation

• motivates behaviors that meet no need

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

priority of some needs over others

instinct

complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned

physiological needs

a basic bodily requirement

• such as food and water

• create an aroused and motivated state (drives)

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

• way to return body to homeostasis

• push

drive

aroused, motivated state that pushes to reduce a physiological need

• ex. hunger or thirst

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, like blood glucose, around a particular level

incentives

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior (lure or repel)

• pull

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance increases with arousal up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

• moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

hierarchy of needs

pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before other needs come active (in order)

1. Physiological/basic needs

2. Safety needs

3. Belongingness and love needs

4. Esteem needs (self-esteem/recognition/etc.)

5. Self-actualization needs (live up to fullest and unique potential)

A. L. Washburn

swallowed balloon to transmit his stomach contractions

• hunger=stomach contractions

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and is major source of energy for body tissues

• when level is low we feel hunger

• diminished by increases in insulin

Brain signals to eat by

stomach, intestines, and liver

arcuate nucleus

neural network that has a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones

• if destroyed: no interest in foods

ventromedial hypothalamus

decreases feeling of hunger

hypothalamus

responds to current blood chemistry and incoming info

• monitors levels of appetite hormones/controls hunger

Insulin

diminishes blood glucose (converts it to stored fat), hormone secreted by pancreas

Set Point

point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set (pre-set weight)

• when your body fall’s below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

  • decreased set point, increased hunger, decreased metabolic rate

Basal metabolic rate

resting rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic functions

• baseline

What types of foods when tense or depressed

high-calorie foods (carbs boost serotonin)

Obesity is seen with a BMI of

30+ (abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health)

Physiology Factors of obesity

• storing fat is adaptive (carry through famine)

• set point and metabolism (slowed metabolism)

• genes (skinny move more)

Environmental Factors of obesity

• sleep loss

• social influences (if close friend is, you are more likely)

• food and activity levels

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

testosterone

male sex hormone (m have more)

estrogen

female sex hormone (f have more)

• levels peak during ovulation

• contribute to sex characteristics

Alfred Kinsey

(scientific process often begins with simple surveys of behavior like:)questioned Americans about sexuality and writing about their experiences

hormone influence

prenatal period (influencing sex), puberty, post puberty

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

sexual response cycle (4 stages of sexual responding)

sexual response cycle

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

refractory period

resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person (mainly men) cant have another

Biopsychosocial influences on sexual motivation

• Biological: sexual maturity, sex hormones

• Psychological: exposure to stimulating conditions, sexual fantasies

• Social-cultural: family and society values, religious and personal values, cultural expectations, media

Affiliation need

need to build relationships to feel part of a group (need to belong)

Social isolation can give risks of

mental decline and ill health

• many older adults

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

• used to punish social behavior

anterior cingulate cortex

responds to physical pain, ostracism elicits activity in this

self-disclosure

sharing ourselves with others

• healthy day-to-day coping and deepens friendships

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

• billionaires want to make more money

• Henry Murray

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

emotions

a response of the whole organism, that involves: arousal, behavior, and cognition

James-Lange Theory

Arousal comes before emotion

• theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus

• stimulus → arousal → emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

Arousal and Emotion occur simultaneously but separately

• an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and subjective experience of emotions

Schachter and Singer

two-factor theory, spillover effect

• how we interpret our experiences matter

two-factor theory

to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

spillover effect

a stirred-up state can be experienced as one emotion or another, depending on interpreting and labeling it

Robert Zajonc

we have emotional reactions before conscious interpretation of a situation

“high road” emotional responses

more complex emotions

• thalamus (travel by) → cortex (analyze and label stimulus) → amygdala (sends out response command)

“low road” emotional responses

simple (dis)likes and fears

• thalamus (travel by) → amygdala (sends out fear response)

• done unconsciously

Joseph LeDoux

“low road”, unconscious emotional response

Richard Lazarus

brain processes info without conscious awareness and some emotional responses don’t need conscious thinking

• emotions arise when we appraise an event as safe or dangerous

• our appraisal and labeling of events also determine our emotional responses

Appraise

feel and then label

Reappraise

when overwhelmed, we can change our interpretations

10 primary emotions

joy, interest- excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt

Sympathetic ANS

excites and mobilizes body for actions

Parasympathetic ANS

calms body after crisis passes

insula

activated with negative social emotions

right prefrontal cortex

negative emotions activate

left frontal cortex

positive emotions activate

The emotion easiest to detect in a crowd is

anger

Duchenne smile

natural smile, raised cheeks and activated muscles under eyes

Around the world, people have the same expressions for

happy and sad faces

Paul Ekman

facial expressions convey some nonverbal accents that give clues to a persons culture but dont reflect cultural experiences

William James

we can control emotions by changing features externally; behavior feedback effects

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger or joy

• ex) When we smile, it can make us feel happier, and when we frown, it can make us feel sadder

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions (ex) walking styles

polygraph

a machine designed to detect and record changes in physiological characteristics, such as a person’s pulse and breathing rates, used as a lie detector

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

stressor

certain events that cause stress

stress reactions

physical and emotional responses to stressors

behavioral medicine

integration of biological, behavioral, and psychological sciences relevant to health and illness

3 types of stressor

catastrophe, significant life changes, daily hassles and social stress

catastrophe

unpredictable, large scale events

significant life changes

life transitions

Kurt Lewin

motivational conflicts theory (stress arises from the daily conflicts we face between our different approach and avoidance motives)

approach-approach

two attractive but incompatible goals pull us

• least stressful conflicts

• red or green shirt

avoidance-avoidance

between two undesirable alternatives

• guilt or wrath

approach-avoidance

simultaneously attracted and repelled

• partner likes and dislikes

Walter Cannon

stress response is part of unified mind-body system

• fight or flight

fight or flight

when events triggers many stress hormones (nor)epinephrine and pathways alert SNS to arouse us

• quicker

stress response system

cerebral cortex orders outer part of adrenal gland secrete these Glucocorticoid

• slower

Glucocorticoid

stress hormone like cortisol

Hans Selye

general adaptation syndrome, study of animals and stressors made stress big in psych and medicine

general adaption syndrome (GAS)

body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases: alarm (SNS activates/hormones released), resistance (fully engaged/decrease activity), exhaustion (vulnerable health)

cortisol

stress hormones

tend-and-befriend response

under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

health psychology

subfield of psych that provides psych’s contribution to behavioral medicine

• focuses on how biological, social and psychological factors influence health and illness

psychoneuroimmunology

how psychology, neural, and endocrine process together affect the immune system and resulting health

B lymphocytes

release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

T lymphocytes

attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

macrophage cells

Identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders

natural killer cells

attack diseased cells

what happens if the immune system overresponds

attack own tissues (cause allergic reaction/ disease)

what happens if the immune system underreacts

allow bacterial infection flare/erupt dormant virus/xcancer

stress responses divert energy from

the immune system (more vulnerable)

coronary heart disease

clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscle

Friedman and Rosenman

Type A and Type B

stress increases vulnerability to heart disease