EBPP Midterm

Categorical (Qualitative) Data

Nominal and Ordinal Data are what types of data?

Nominal: "order" doesn't matter (blood type)

Ordinal: "order" matters (Stage 1, II cancer)

What's the difference between Nominal and Ordinal Data

1. state Ho and Hi

2. compute statistics

3. decision making

4. conclusion

4 steps to significance testing

< 0.05

At what p-value should we reject the Ho?

relative risk

comparing probablility to disease in two different groups

odds ratio

measure of association between an exposure and an outcome

Evidence based practice

combining the best research to make patient/population centered decisions

1. formulate focused question

2. identify articles and evidence-based resources

3. critical appraisal of evidence

4. apply evidence

5. evaluate application of evidence

Steps of EBPP

primary literature

Raw data and articles are examples of which type of literature?

secondary literature

Guidelines and systematic reviews are examples of which type of literature?

tertiary literature

Lexicomp and micromedex are examples of which type of literature?

surrogate outcome

using an outcome to reflect another (ex.fasting plasma glucose, HbA1C)

outcomes that matter

clinically relevant outcome and provide direct measures of disease (ex. stroke, self report of nerve pain)

primary outcome

what the study is designed around; most important reflection

secondary outcome

not the most important outcome/ main ones influenced by intervention

national research act

requires informed consent for research studies

respect for persons, beneficence, justice

belmont report principles

1. identify requestor

2. define the true question

3, patient background

4. categorize question

5. systemic search for answer

6. analyze info

7. disseminate info

8. document and follow-up

steps of formulating focused questions

absence of background info, false perception that DI questions don't pertain to a specific patient

What are the barriers to formulating focused questions?

PPAARE or PICOT

2 ways to write a question

background info, patient factors, disease factors, medication factors

What should be considered when formulating a response?

timely, current info, well references, not too long,

Desired characteristics of a response

Clair AI

Which AI can we use to find sources?

epidemiology

the study of diseases and their intervention at the population level

case definition

set of standard criteria for classifying whether a person has a particular disease, syndrome, or health condition

web of causation

the idea that theres no single cause for a disease and things like lifestyle, ethnicity, gender, and cormorbidities

pre-disposing factors

factors that make individuals more or less likely to adopt healthy or risky behaviors

enabling factors

factors that help people adopt and maintain healthy or unhealthy behaviors

precipitating factors

factors that are the catalyst for an illness, episode or symptom

reinforcing factors

people that reinforce good or bad habits

host, agent, environment

epidemiological triangle consists of

If the researchers provided the exposure it's experimental

What's the difference between experimental and observational studies?

experimental

Study that tells us efficacy

quasi-experimental

Study that tells us performance

observational

Study that tells us effectiveness

cohort, case control, cross sectional

What are the 3 types of observational studies?

cohort

study that looks at exposure first then determines outcome

case-control

study that looks at outcome first then determines what exposure caused it

cross-sectional

study that looks at one point in time to determine exposure at the time of outcome

decrease

study limitations, inconsistency of results, indirectness of evidence, imprecision and publication bias are examples of factors that (increase/decrease) quality of evidence

RCT's

gold standard of clinical trials

case report

information about a single patient in a unique scenario

diagnostic, treatment, educational

3 types of case reports

case series

more than one patient with similar treatment or diagnosis

internal validity

the degree to which the result of a study are correct for the sample of subjects being studied (accuracy of our results)

Internal: truth in the study

External: truth in real life

Difference between internal and external validity

bias, random chance

Threats to internal validity

control groups, randomization, meticulous data collection and analysis

How to offset threats to internal validity