BMS exam

what plant substances act as antioxidants or have other anti-cancer effects?

carotenoids

phytochemicals

what procedures are used in the treatment of breast cancer? 

mastectomy

lumpectomy

Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. In which locations does it typically appear?

the skin

the prostate

the breast

the lungs

Which early symptoms may indicate a tumor in the lungs?

recurring bronchitis

persistent cough

chest pain

Which treatments are commonly combined as a way of removing cancerous cells?

surgery

chemotherapy

radiation

What is the primary treatment for colon and rectal cancer?

surgery

The surgical removal of a lump and the tissue that surrounds it from the breast is called a lumpectomy, whereas the full removal of the breast is called a

mastectomy, mastetomy, segmental mastectomy, mastecomy, **or** masectomy

Sarcomas are cancers that arise from which of the following tissues?

cartilage

muscle

bone

In men, the prostate gland is located at the base of the

bladder

Which of the following methods are used to detect or diagnose lung cancer?

studying cells in sputum

chest X-rays

The *best* way to treat cancer would do minimal damage to:

normal tissues

The risk factors for uterine cancer are similar to the risk factors for

breast cancer

Which methods can be used to detect colorectal cancer?

stool tests

colonoscopy

Melanoma is a form of:

cancer

Surgical treatment for endometrial cancer involves complete removal of the uterus, a procedure known as

hysterectomy

The most serious type of skin cancer is

melanoma

Effective treatments for testicular cancer may include:

radiation

removal of the affected testis

chemotherapy

Invasion of the body by a microorganism is called:

infection

What is a chemical barrier of the body that is designed to help prevent infection?

saliva

The \[ \] system is the body's collective system of defenses that includes surface barriers as well as the specialized, cells, tissues, and organs.

immune

Testicular cancer, though rare, is the most common cancer in men of what age range?

20-35

An organism that causes disease is called a(n): 

pathogen

Hairlike projections found in the respiratory tract that remove foreign particles before they reach the lungs are called:

cilia

Which part of the immune system has the ability to improve and accelerate response after exposure to pathogens?

the adaptive immune system

The cells of the adaptive immune system are white blood cells called

lymphocytes

A(n) \[ \] is a substance that triggers the immune response.

antigen

A protein produced by plasma cells that can recognize and neutralize microbes is called a(n)

antibody

The system that consists of cells that can recognize pathogenic microorganisms and are the first responders to those pathogens is the

innate immune system

The two main types of lymphocytes are

T blood cells

B blood cells

An antibody is a type of Blank______ that binds an antigen in one form of adaptive immune re

protein

The process of conferring resistance to a pathogen by the administration of a vaccine is called

immunization

Allergies occur when the immune system

reacts to a harmless substance as if it were a harmful pathogen

Which of the following statements about contagion is *false*?

A person is contagious only when symptoms of infection appear.

The only effective way to break the chain of infection is by individual action

false

What are common allergy symptoms?

sneezing

wheezing

stuffy nose

The terms "pandemic" and "epidemic" are interchangeable. 

false

\
(A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread across a large area, such as an entire nation, a continent, or even the world. The term pandemic refers exclusively to infectious disease)

The period when infection is actively multiplying inside the body is called the ______ period.

incubation

What are examples of ways to break the chain of infection?

isolating a sick patient

wearing a face mask

treating public sewage

A(n) \[ \] is an epidemic that has spread across a large area, possibly across the entire world.

pandemic

What is the most abundant living thing on earth?

bacteria

When do symptoms of infection first appear?

during the prodromal period

Inflammation of the lungs, which is typically caused by infection or exposure to irritants or toxins, is called:

pneumonia

bronchitis

infection of the airways

meningitis

infection of the tissues around brain

conjunctivitis

infection of the layer of cells surrounding the eyes

Bacilli

Rod shaped **bacteria**

Cocci

Spherical bacteria

Spirochete

Spiral shaped bacteria

Vibrios

Comma shaped

Streptococcus refers to a group of ______ that cause disease in humans.

bacteria

What are types of pathogens?

parasitic worms

viruses

bacteria

protozoa

What is commonly found on the skin or in the nasal passages of healthy people?

staphylococcus

Which groups are likeliest to contract tuberculosis (TB)?

people who live in the center of urban areas

people with HIV

What are symptoms of meningitis?

stiff neck

severe headache

\[ \] are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

antibiotics

A genus of spherical bacteria that are known to cause skin infections, rheumatic and scarlet fever, and pneumonia is called

streptococcus

toxic shock syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome can ultimately cause organ failure.

The toxin that produces toxic shock syndrome causes tissue damage.

Toxic shock syndrome involves the staphylococcus bacterium.

A chronic bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs is called

tuberculosis

The common cold may be caused by any one of more than ______ different viruses.

200

A very small infectious agent composed of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and that can only reproduce within a host cell is called a

virus

\[ \] can cause yeast infection, athlete's foot, and ringworm

fungus

What is commonly found on the skin or in the nasal passages of healthy people?

staphylococcus

A microscopic, single-celled organism that often produces recurrent, cyclical attacks of disease is a

protozoan

What is the most common way of contracting the common cold?

hand-to-hand contact

What produces spores and feeds on organic matter?

fungi

Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States and it primarily infects

young children

How is Zika spread?

from mother to fetus

by mosquitoes

through sex with an infected partner

What are common types of autoimmune diseases?

multiple sclerosis

rheumatoid arthritis

type 1 diabetes

What is a pathogen that causes intestinal and other infections and includes pinworms?

parasitic worm

To support your immune system, make sure that you sleep more than ______ hours per night

six

Which person should take the most precautions if living in an area with Zika-infected mosquitoes?

pregnant women

A condition in which the immune system attacks its own body is known as

an autoimmune disease

What are guidelines to help combat pathogens?

Get more sleep

Maintain regular eating patterns

Experts believe the global HIV epidemic peaked in the

1990s

what does HIV cause

AIDS

a disease that progressively destroys the body's ability to resist various infections and disorders.

HIV infection

An infection caused when organisms take the opportunity presented by a primary (initial) infection to multiply and cause a new, different infection is called an opportunistic or \[ \] infection.

secondary

______ continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world.

HIV/AIDS

What is the first thing that happens after HIV infection?

Billions of infectious particles are produced.

What happens in the primary infection phase?

There are large amounts of HIV in the bloodstream.

What type of cell helps coordinate the activity of the immune system and is the primary target of HIV infection?

CD4 T cell

If left untreated in adults, which stage of HIV infection lasts an average of 11 years?

chronic asymptomatic

HIV cannot live in or on:

eating utensils

toilet seats

An HIV-positive person experiencing moderately severe symptoms will show a(n) ______ in the number of CD4 T cells.

decline

Which form of contraception may actually increase the risk of HIV transmission because it causes irritation in the vaginal canal?

spermicide

The presence of ______ from other STIs makes it easier for HIV to be passed from person to person

inflammation

lesions

blisters

Oral-genital contact carries ______ anal or vaginal intercourse.

less risk of HIV transmission than

Why does the spermicide nonoxynol-9 increase the risk of transmission of HIV and other STIs?

Frequent use may cause vaginal and rectal irritation and damage.

Mother-to-child HIV transmission is also called \[ \] or perinatal, transmission.

vertical

If needles for injecting drugs are shared, small amounts of one person's \[ \] are directly injected into another person's bloodstream.

blood

Why does the spermicide nonoxynol-9 increase the risk of transmission of HIV and other STIs?

Frequent use may cause vaginal and rectal irritation and damage.

what populations are most vulnerable to HIV infection?

sexually active people ages 13 to 24

people who inject drugs

men who have sex with other men

What is a previously rare form of cancer that is common in HIV-infected men?

Kaposi's sarcoma

Symptoms of HIV infection are similar to those of many common \[ \] illnesses.

viral

The infection most often seen in the United States associated with an HIV infection is *Pneumocystis* pneumonia, which is a(n)  \[ \] infection. 

opportunistic or fungal

Why has the number of deaths from AIDS decreased in the United States since 1996?

use of combinations of new drugs

What is the ascending infection that progresses from the vagina and cervix to the uterus, oviducts, and pelvic cavity?

pelvic inflammatory disease

What type of pathogen causes chlamydia?

bacteria

The human papillomavirus causes what?

genital cancers

warts

Generally, oral herpes is associated with HSV \[ \]

one