Comprehensive Study Guide (Neuro + Endocrine + Fluid & Electrolyte Integration)

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from the Neuro, Endocrine, and Fluid & Electrolyte Integration study guide, including definitions, conditions, and physiological responses.

Cerebral Cortex

Large part of the brain involved with higher cognitive functions.

Basal Ganglia

Group of subcortical structures that work with motor cortex and cerebellum to initiate and smooth voluntary movement.

Limbic System

Part of the brain that regulates emotion and memory storage.

Amygdala

The 'panic button' for fear, emotion, and aggression.

Hippocampus

Responsible for memory formation and storage.

Hypothalamus

Maintains hormonal balance and links the endocrine and nervous systems.

Brainstem

The conduit between the brain and spinal cord that controls major bodily functions.

Acute Pain

A protective mechanism tied to recent injury meant to alert individuals to the condition.

Chronic Pain

A persistent pain that lasts longer than expected healing time.

Nociceptive Pain

Pain from the transduction of noxious stimuli activating nociceptors.

Neuropathic Pain

Pain caused by nerve damage or dysfunction.

Referred Pain

Pain felt in an area distant from its point of origin, supplied by the same spinal segment.

Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

Causes peripheral inflammation and nociceptive activation during acute pain.

Gabapentin

An anticonvulsant used off-label for neuropathic pain, usually well tolerated.

Pregabalin

An anticonvulsant controlled substance that may cause hypersensitivity reactions.

Multimodal Pain Control

Combining multiple medication classes to manage pain more effectively.

NSAIDs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with potential adverse effects including gastric ulcers.

Acetaminophen

Common pain reliever that can cause hepatotoxicity in overdose.

Lidocaine

Local anesthetic that can cause systemic toxicity if improperly used.

Morphine

Opioid that has risks of respiratory depression and sedation.

Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

Symptoms caused by blockage of dopamine receptors, often due to antipsychotics.

Seizure Disorders

Characterized by abnormal neuronal discharges in the brain.

Status Epilepticus Medications

Includes benzodiazepines and barbiturates for seizure control.

Addison's Syndrome

Condition characterized by a lack of cortisol and high aldosterone.

Cushing's Syndrome

Condition with excess cortisol levels.

Hypothyroidism

Condition with high TSH and low T3/T4 levels.

Hyperthyroidism

Condition with low TSH and high T3/T4 levels.

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Characterized by a lack of ADH, leading to high serum sodium and urine output.

SIADH

Condition with low sodium, high urine specific gravity, and fluid overload.

PCOS

Polycystic ovarian syndrome characterized by hormonal imbalance and insulin resistance.

Fluid Balance

Maintains homeostasis through various mechanisms including the RAAS system.

Calcium-Phosphate Relationship

Inverse relationship; high calcium typically means low phosphate.