Lab Exam-2

1

1

sinoatrial node

2

atrioventricular node

3

atrioventricular bundle

4

bundle branches

5

Purkinje fibers

function of SA node

generates action potentials

function of AV node

impulses pause before moving to AV bundle

function of AV bundle

electrical connection between left and right ventricles

function of bundle branches

conducts impulses to the ventricles

function of purkinje fibers

depolarizes the contractile cells of the ventricle

p wave represents

atrial depolarization

QRS complex represents

ventricular depolarization

T wave represents

ventricular repolarization

U wave

small wave associated with repolarization

P-R segment represents

Time interval from end of atrial depolarization to beginning of ventricular depolarization

S-T segment represents

Time interval from end of ventricular depolarization to beginning of ventricular repolarization

P-R interval represents

Time interval from beginning of atrial depolarization to beginning of ventricular depolarization

Q-T interval represents

From beginning of ventricular depolarization to end of ventricular repolarization

on EKG: a big square is ___ seconds

0.2

on EKG: a small square is ___ seconds

0.04

normal P wave should be no more than ___ to ___ seconds in duration

0.08 to 0.10 seconds

in adults, the normal QRS duration is ___ seconds or less

0.12

T wave duration in seconds

0.1- 0.25

PR segment should be no longer than ___ second

0.1

red (middle)

QRS complex

pink/purple

ST segment

green

PR segment

blue

QT interval

orange

PR interval

Heart rate from EKG formula

# of small boxes * 0.04/ 60

impact of exercise on EKG

all intervals shorten; increased conduction and increased heart rate shorten duration of intervals

Location of sound: aortic valve

second intercostal space, right sternal border

Timing of sound: aortic valve

heard during S2

Location of sound: tricuspid valve

fifth intercostal space, left sternal border

Timing of sound: tricuspid valve

heard during S1

Location of sound: mitral valve

fifth intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

Timing of sound: mitral valve

heart during S1

Location of sound: pulmonary valve

second intercostal space, left sternal border

Timing of sound: pulmonary valve

heard during S2

S1 makes ___ sound

lub

S2 makes ___ sound

dub

The parasympathetic nervous system releases _______ to affect heart rate.

acetylcholine

A cholinergic drug that worked the same as acetylcholine would _______.

be an agonist and decrease heart rate.

Norepinephrine affects the heart rate by _________.

increasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the frequency of action potentials.

The __________ receptor binds norepinephrine and epinephrine.

B-1 adrenergic

Pilocarpine is a cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine agonist. Predict the effect that pilocarpine will have on heart rate.

decrease HR

Atropine is another cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine antagonist. Predict the effect that atropine will have on heart rate.

increase HR

What increases the heart rate and mimics the sympathetic nervous system?

epinephrine

Individuals with weakened hearts need to allow maximum time for venous return and increased stroke volume and would therefore most likely benefit from ______.

increased force of contraction and decreased heart rate

Pilocarpine decreased the heart rate. Typical of cholinergic agonists, it _________.

decreased the frequency of action potentials.

The effect of atropine was to ________.

mimic the sympathetic nervous system.

The modifiers tested that decrease the heart rate were ______.

digitalis and pilocarpine.

To increase the heart rate, the best choices would be ______

epinephrine and atropine.

normal BP

120/80

instruments used to get BP

stethoscope, Sphygmomanometer

causes for increased BP

increased resistance, vasoconstriction, increased viscosity

T/F: Longer vessels have higher peripheral resistance than shorter vessels.

true

causes for decreased BP

decreased resistance, vasodilation, decreased viscosity

Cardiac output formula

CO= SV x HR

systolic pressure

the maximum pressure exerted on the wall of an artery (during ventricular contraction)

diastolic pressure

The minimum pressure exerted on the wall of an artery (during ventricular relaxation)

e

aortic arch

g

thoracic aorta

h

abdominal aorta

c

right common carotid

p

left common carotid

o

brachiocephalic trunk

q

left subclavian artery

r

left axillary artery

s

left brachial artery

u

left ulnar artery

t

left radial artery

m

right common iliac artery

n

right internal iliac artery

w

left femoral artery

x

left popliteal artery

y

left anterior tibial artery

z

left posterior tibial artery

i

celiac trunk

J

superior mesenteric artery

l

inferior mesenteric artery

u

superior vena cava

ee

inferior mesenteric vein

ff

superior mesenteric vein

s

left brachiocephalic vein

t

left subclavian vein

e

right axillary vein

d

right internal jugular vein

gg

left common iliac vein

hh

left internal iliac vein

m

right femoral vein

n

right great saphenous vein

r

right small saphenous vein

2

abdominal aorta

4

left common iliac artery

6

right internal iliac artery

1

right common carotid artery

2

right subclavian artery

3

right axillary artery

4

right brachial artery