Anatomy Video 1 Exam 1

Why are cells so small ?

Because of the surface area to volume ratio limitation. As a cell gets larger it becomes difficult to bring nutrients in and remove waste efficiently.

nose ?

Nasal

eye ?

Orbital

mouth ?

Oral

chin ?

Mental

neck ?

Cervical

armpit ?

Axillary

upper arm ?

Brachial

thigh ?

Femoral

fingers ?

Digital

palm ?

Palmar

bottom of the foot ?

Plantar

back of the knee ?

Popliteal

lower back ?

Lumbar

ear ?

Otic

head ?

Cephalic

abdominal ?

Umbilical

spinal column ?

Vertebral

superior ?

Above

inferior ?

Below

anterior or ventral ?

Front

posterior or dorsal ?

Back

medial ?

Toward the midline

lateral ?

Away from the midline

proximal ?

Closer to the point of attachment

distal ?

Farther from the point of attachment

My head is ___ compared to my feet .

Superior

My heart is ___ compared to my arms .

Medial

My heart is ___ compared to my spinal cord .

Anterior ( ventral )

My spinal cord is ___ compared to my heart

Posterior ( dorsal )

My fingers are ___ compared to my elbow .

Distal

My elbow is ___ compared to my fingers .

Proximal

What plane divides the body into equal left and right halves ?

Midsagittal

What plane divides the body into left and right , but not equally ?

Sagittal

What plane divides the body into front and back ?

Frontal ( coronal )

What plane divides the body into top and bottom ?

Transverse

What are the 6 characteristics of the vertebrate body plan ?

• Segmentation = repeating units

• Bilateral symmetry = equal left and right sides

• Tube-within-a-tube body plan = outer body tube with inner digestive/

respiratory tube

• Notochord = helps develop nervous tissue

• Dorsal hollow nerve cord = becomes brain and spinal cord

• Pharyngeal pouches = related to pharynx/throat region

What does segmentation mean ?

Repeating body units , such as vertebrae or ribs .

What are the 3 major body cavities ?

• Dorsal cavity

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

What does the dorsal cavity contain ?

The brain and spinal cord

What does the thoracic cavity contain ?

The heart and lungs

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity ?

The diaphragm

What cavity contains the other major organs ?

The abdominopelvic cavity

What are the two layers of a serous membrane ?

•Visceral = directly on the organ •Parietal = lines the cavity wall

What serous layer covers the organ itself ?

Visceral

What serous layer covers the chamber or cavity wall ?

Parietal

What are the serous membranes of the heart ?

Visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

What are the serous membranes of the lungs ?

Visceral pleura and parietal pleura

What are the serous membranes of the abdominopelvic organs ?

Visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum

What are the nine abdominal regions ?

• Right hypochondriac

• Epigastric

• Left hypochondriac

Middle row:

• Right lumbar

• Umbilical

• Left lumbar

Bottom row:

• Right iliac (inguinal)

• Hypogastric

• Left iliac (inguinal)

What is the lateral - most region where the liver is located ?

Right hypochondriac

What is the medial - most position for the stomach ?

Epigastric

What is the lateral - most region for the spleen ?

Left hypochondriac

What is the anatomical location of the cecum ?

Right iliac

What is the anatomical location of the urinary bladder ?

Hypogastric

What are the plasma membrane protein types discussed ?

Transmembrane proteins go all the way through the membrane

• Integral proteins are embedded in the membrane, even if they do not fully span it

If a protein is embedded in the membrane all the way through , how is it defined ?

Transmembrane protein

If a protein is embedded in the membrane , what type of protein is it ?

Integral protein

What are the main functions of the nucleus ?

• Transcription of mRNA

• DNA replication

• Support of cell division

What is the main purpose of the nucleus ?

Transcription of mRNA

What major process occurs in the nucleus before cell division ?

DNA replication

What is mitosis ?

occurs in body tissues and produces identical daughter cells used for growth and repair.

What tissues undergo mitosis ?

Most body tissues

Note : neurons were the major exception discussed .

What is meiosis ?

occurs in the ovaries and testes and produces haploid gametes with half the genetic material.

What tissues undergo meiosis ?

Ovaries and testes

What organelle modifies , folds , and transports proteins and has ribosomes attached ?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum ( Rough ER )

What is the purpose of rough ER ?

To process proteins

What organelle is responsible for lipid production ?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( Smooth ER )

What is the purpose of smooth ER ?

Production of lipids and oils

What organelle sorts , concentrates , packages , and delivers proteins with vesicles ?

Golgi apparatus

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus ?

To sort and concentrate proteins so they can be delivered with vesicles somewhere else

What is contained in a lysosome ?

Digestive enzymes

What type of lysosome contains digestive enzymes before fusion ?

Primary lysosome

If a primary lysosome fuses with a phagosome , what is the resulting vesicle called ?

Secondary lysosome

What process recycles proteins and cell parts using lysosomes ?

Autophagy Meaning : " self - eating "

What is the function of mitochondria ?

ATP production

What are the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called ?

Cristae

What are the cytoskeleton components from smallest to largest ?

• Microfilaments

• Intermediate filaments

• Microtubules

What protein makes up microfilaments ?

Actin

What are microtubules made of ?

Tubulin

What are intermediate filaments like ?

Rope - like and strong

What does it mean that microfilaments and microtubules are dynamic ?

They can change by polymerization and depolymerization

What is polymerization ?

Adding subunits so the structure grows

What is depolymerization ?

Removing subunits so the structure shrinks

What are the four types of tissue ?

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nervous

What is epithelial tissue good for ?

• Protection

• Absorption

• Filtration

• Sensory reception

• Glandular function / secretion

What are examples of epithelial tissue functions ?

• Absorption = small intestine

• Filtration = sweat, urine, milk

• Sensory reception = taste buds

What are the special properties of epithelial tissue ?

• Cellular

• Polar

• Avascular

• Has a basement membrane

• Regenerates quickly

What does polarity mean ?

A cell has one side that looks different from the other side

If a cell is polar , what does that mean ?

It looks different on different sides

Name another polarized cell type besides epithelial cells .

Neurons

If a cell looks the same on all sides , what is it ?

Non - polar

Does epithelial tissue have blood vessels in it ?

No , it is avascular

What does avascular mean?

Without blood vessels

How does epithelial tissue get its resources ?

From the connective tissue below it

What tissue lies right below epithelial tissue and gives it support ?

Areolar tissue

Does epithelial tissue have sensory receptors / nervous tissue in it ?

Yes

What tissue regenerates quickly ?

Epithelial tissue

What does excitable mean ?

Able to rapidly change voltage and fire action potentials

What tissues are excitable ?

Nervous tissue and muscle tissue