Hosa Pathophysiology

Disease process

The sequence of events that occur in the body during illness, including the onset, progression, and outcome.

Etiology

The cause or origin of a disease.

Pathogenesis

The mechanism by which a disease develops and progresses in the body.

Diagnosis

The identification of a disease based on signs, symptoms, and diagnostic tests.

Prognosis

The forecast of the likely outcome of a disease.

Symptoms

Subjective experiences of the patient, e.g., pain or fatigue.

Signs

Objective indications of disease, e.g., fever or rash.

Treatment

Methods used to manage or cure a disease, including medications, surgery, and therapy.

Neoplasm

Abnormal growth of tissue, can be benign or malignant.

Benign tumors

Non-cancerous growths that usually grow slowly and do not spread.

Malignant tumors

Cancerous growths that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize.

Carcinogenesis

The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body.

Eczema

Inflammation of the skin causing itching, redness, and swelling.

Psoriasis

Chronic skin condition characterized by scaling and redness.

Osteoarthritis

Degeneration of cartilage in joints.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune disorder affecting joints.

Osteoporosis

Weakening of bones, increasing the risk of fractures.

Coronary artery disease

Narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup.

Heart failure

A condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

Hypertension

High blood pressure.

Lymphedema

Swelling due to the accumulation of lymph fluid.

Asthma

Chronic inflammation and narrowing of airways, causing difficulty breathing.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Acid reflux causing heartburn and damage to the esophagus.

Diabetes mellitus

A disorder of insulin production and/or action, leading to high blood sugar.

Stroke

Interruption of blood supply to the brain, leading to brain cell death.

Erectile dysfunction

Inability to maintain an erection sufficient for intercourse.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Infections of the bladder, kidneys, or urethra.

Inflammation

A biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.

Autoimmunity

A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells.

Infection

The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in the body.

Antigen

A substance that induces an immune response, often found on the surface of pathogens.

Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system that helps to identify and neutralize pathogens.

Vaccine

A biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.

Chronic disease

A long-lasting condition that can be controlled but not cured.

Acute disease

A disease that comes on rapidly and is typically severe in nature.

Palliative care

Specialized medical care focused on providing relief from symptoms and stress of a serious illness.

Rehabilitation

A set of interventions designed to optimize functioning and reduce disability in individuals with health conditions.

Genetics

The study of genes and heredity, affecting the biology and potential diseases of an individual.

Metabolism

The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms resulting in energy production and waste elimination.

Cardiovascular disease

A group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels.

Neurodegenerative disease

A progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Influenza

A viral infection that attacks the respiratory system.

HIV/AIDS

A virus that attacks the immune system, leading to the disease known as AIDS.

Thrombosis

The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.

Anemia

A condition in which there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.

Hypertension

A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.

Fibromyalgia

A chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain.

Multiple sclerosis

A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves.

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs.

Chronic pain

Pain that persists for weeks, months, or even years, often accompanied by psychological distress.

Infectious disease

Disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Vascular disease

A condition that affects the blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Heart attack

A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to tissue damage.

Anxiety disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by excessive fear or anxiety.

Depression

A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.

Allergy

An immune system reaction to a substance (allergen) that is typically harmless.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.

Sleep apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep.

Kidney disease

A condition that affects kidney function, leading to complications such as high blood pressure.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder affecting communication, behavior, and social interaction.

Cirrhosis

Severe liver damage caused by conditions such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.