Hosa Pathophysiology

Disease process: The sequence of events that occur in the body during illness, including the onset, progression, and outcome.
Etiology: The cause or origin of a disease.
Pathogenesis: The mechanism by which a disease develops and progresses in the body.
Diagnosis: The identification of a disease based on signs, symptoms, and diagnostic tests.
Prognosis: The forecast of the likely outcome of a disease.
Symptoms: Subjective experiences of the patient (e.g., pain, fatigue).
Signs: Objective indications of disease (e.g., fever, rash).
Treatment: Methods used to manage or cure a disease, including medications, surgery, and therapy.

Neoplasm: Abnormal growth of tissue, can be benign or malignant.
Benign tumors: Non-cancerous growths, usually grow slowly and do not spread.
Malignant tumors: Cancerous growths that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to other parts of the body.
Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
Metastasis: The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body.
Common cancers: Lung, breast, prostate, colon, skin (melanoma).

Functions: Protection, regulation of temperature, sensation, excretion, vitamin D production.
Key Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
Common Conditions:
- Eczema: Inflammation of the skin causing itching, redness, and swelling.
- Psoriasis: Chronic skin condition with scaling and redness.
- Melanoma: Skin cancer originating from melanocytes (pigment cells).

Functions: Movement, support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production.
Key Structures: Bones, muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments.
Common Conditions:
- Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of cartilage in joints.
- Rheumatoid arthritis: Autoimmune disorder affecting joints.
- Osteoporosis: Weakening of bones, increasing risk of fractures.
- Fractures: Breaks in bones, types include simple, compound, and stress fractures.
- Muscle strains/sprains: Injuries to muscles or ligaments.

Function: Circulates blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
Key Structures: Heart chambers (atria, ventricles), valves, coronary arteries.
Common Conditions:
- Coronary artery disease: Narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup.
- Heart failure: A condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
- Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats, e.g., atrial fibrillation.

Types: Arteries, veins, capillaries.
Function: Transport blood throughout the body.
Common Conditions:
- Hypertension: High blood pressure.
- Atherosclerosis: Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup.
- Varicose veins: Enlarged, twisted veins typically in the legs.

Function: Protects and maintains the fluid balance of the body, filters out harmful organisms.
Key Structures: Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels.
Common Conditions:
- Lymphedema: Swelling due to the accumulation of lymph fluid.
- Lymphoma: Cancer of the lymphatic system, e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Function: Supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Key Structures: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm, alveoli.
Common Conditions:
- Asthma: Chronic inflammation and narrowing of airways, causing difficulty breathing.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, causes airflow obstruction.
- Pneumonia: Infection of the lungs, leading to inflammation and fluid buildup.
- Tuberculosis (TB): Bacterial infection affecting the lungs, can spread to other organs.

Function: Breaks down food to absorb nutrients and eliminate waste.
Key Structures: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas.
Common Conditions:
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Acid reflux causing heartburn and damage to the esophagus.
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
- Celiac disease: Autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten damages the small intestine.
- Gallstones: Hard deposits in the gallbladder that can block bile flow.

Function: Regulates hormones that control metabolism, growth, and mood.
Key Structures: Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries/testes.
Common Conditions:
- Diabetes mellitus: A disorder of insulin production and/or action, leading to high blood sugar.
- Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid causing fatigue, weight gain, and depression.
- Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid causing weight loss, anxiety, and tachycardia.

Function: Controls and coordinates body activities, processes sensory information.
Key Structures: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.
Common Conditions:
- Stroke: Interruption of blood supply to the brain, leading to brain cell death.
- Parkinson’s disease: Progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement.
- Multiple sclerosis: Autoimmune disorder causing demyelination of the central nervous system.
- Alzheimer's disease: A form of dementia characterized by memory loss, confusion, and behavioral changes.
- Epilepsy: Disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.

Function: Reproduction, producing offspring.
Key Structures: Male (testes, prostate, penis), Female (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina).
Common Conditions:
- Erectile dysfunction: Inability to maintain an erection sufficient for intercourse.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Hormonal imbalance causing irregular periods and cysts on ovaries.
- Endometriosis: Tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, causing pain.

Function: Removes waste and excess substances from the blood, regulates water balance.
Key Structures: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
Common Conditions:
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Infections of the bladder, kidneys, or urethra.
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD): Progressive loss of kidney function over time.
- Kidney stones: Solid masses made of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys.