GRAPES Semester 1 Final - AP World History

Causeways

Causeways

Raised roads connecting Tenochtitlan to the mainland.

Chinampas

Floating gardens for intensive Aztec agriculture.

Himalayas

World's highest mountain range affecting climate in South Asia.

Lake Texcoco

Central lake for Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, known for architecture.

Trade Routes

Networks facilitating commerce and cultural exchange.

Buddhism

Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama emphasizing enlightenment.

Calvinism

Protestant branch emphasizing predestination and God's sovereignty.

Caste

Hereditary social classification system in India.

Catholicism

Largest Christian denomination led by the Pope.

Confucianism

Philosophy focusing on morality and societal harmony.

Council of Trent

Ecumenical council addressing church reform post-Reformation.

Eightfold Path

Buddhist guide to ethical and mindful living.

Hinduism

Ancient religion emphasizing karma, dharma, and reincarnation.

Huguenots

French Protestants facing persecution for Calvinist beliefs.

Jerusalem

City sacred to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Jesuits

Society of Jesus known for education and missions.

Martin Luther

Key figure in the Protestant Reformation, known for critiques.

Noble Truths

Buddhist principles explaining suffering and its cessation.

Pillars of Islam

Five acts central to a Muslim's faith.

Polytheist

Belief in multiple gods, common in ancient religions.

Protestant Reformation

16th-century movement fracturing the Catholic Church's authority.

Reincarnation

Belief in soul's rebirth in a new body.

Renaissance

Cultural revival in Europe promoting humanism and art.

Shi'a

Islam branch believing Ali was Muhammad's rightful successor.

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion emphasizing equality and devotion.

Sunni

Largest Islamic denomination accepting first four caliphs.

Syncretic

Blending of different religious and cultural practices.

Tao Te Ching

Fundamental Taoist text on universal balance.

Taoism

Philosophy emphasizing harmony with the universe.

Vedas

Oldest sacred texts of Hinduism with hymns and rituals.

Renaissance Man

Individual excelling in multiple disciplines, like da Vinci.

Bartolomeu Dias

First to round Cape of Good Hope in 1488.

Christopher Columbus

Explorer who opened Americas to European colonization.

Filippo Brunelleschi

Architect of the Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore.

Great Zimbabwe

Medieval African city known for stone constructions.

Gutenberg printing press

Revolutionized book production and literacy in Europe.

Humanism

Intellectual movement focusing on human potential.

Medici family

Powerful Italian family influential in Renaissance Florence.

Michelangelo

Renowned for sculptures like David and Sistine Chapel.

Navigation technology

Advancements enabling long sea voyages, e.g., astrolabe.

Raphael

Master painter known for the School of Athens.

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese explorer who sailed to India directly.

Akbar the Great

Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance policies.

Ana Nzinga of Ndongo

Queen who resisted Portuguese colonization in Africa.

Crusades

Religious wars to reclaim Holy Land from Muslims.

Devshirme

Ottoman system recruiting Christian boys for service.

Henry VIII

King who separated Church of England from Rome.

Janissary

Elite Ottoman infantry units forming the military backbone.

King Afonso of Kongo

16th-century king promoting Christianity and modernization.

Mansa Musa

Wealthy Malian emperor known for his Mecca pilgrimage.

Ming Dynasty policy

Trade monopolies and agriculture focus led to growth.

Montezuma

Aztec ruler noted for encounter with Spanish conquistadors.

Motives for imperialism

Economic, political, cultural urges for territorial expansion.

Mughal religious policy

Promoted tolerance and syncretism under Akbar's rule.

Mughals

Dynasty known for cultural contributions in India.

Ottomans

Dynasty controlling vast territories with effective administration.

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty allowing coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism.

Qing Dynasty policy

Isolationist trade practices maintaining Confucian values.

Reconquista

Process reclaiming Iberian Peninsula from Islamic rule.

Safavids

Persian dynasty establishing Shia Islam as state religion.

Shah Abbas I

Prominent Safavid ruler expanding territory and trade.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Longest-reigning Ottoman Sultan known for reforms.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Founder of Tokugawa Shogunate, establishing Edo period.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Feudal regime in Japan with strict social order.

Policy to outsiders

Tokugawa's isolationist policies restricted foreign contact.

Tribute

Payment indicating dependence between states or empires.

Encomienda

System compelling Indigenous labor under guise of protection.

Mit'a

Incan labor system requiring tribute through labor.

Silver from Americas

Mines like Potosí fueled European economies and trade.

Zamindar system

Mughal land revenue system managed by local landlords.

Bantu languages

Over 500 languages reflecting Bantu migration patterns.

Casta system

Hierarchical social classification in colonial Spanish America.

Caste system

Rigid social stratification based on occupation in India.

Effects of slave trade on Africa

Led to demographic changes and political disruptions.

Spanish colonial management

Governance system using viceroys and audiencias.

Syncretism

Merging of different religious and cultural traditions.