Renaissance, Scientific Revolution & Protestant Reformation

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

ptolemy

a 2nd century Greek mathematician, astronomer and geographer famous for his controversial geocentric theory of the universe (created a model that was a geocentric model of the universe

Nicolaus Corpernicus

a Polish astronomer and mathematician known as the father of modern astronomy (first person to prove the heliocentric theory)

Heliocentric

The theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun

Geocentric

Earth was the center of the universe

Dogma

the doctrine of belief in a religion or a political system

Hypothesis

a theory or guess

The Scientific Method

 the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation

Francis Bacon

New system of knowledge based on deductive principles.

Rene Descartes

made a important connection between Algebra and geometry (also said “Cogito, ergo sum” also known as I think, therefore I am)

Isaac Newton

known for his theory about the law of gravity

Gravity

an invisible force that pulls objects toward each other

William Harvey

the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

he was the father of microbiology

Indulgence

doing something that you enjoy even if it has negative consequences

Martin Luther

brought about the Protestant Reformation when he challenged the Catholic Church's teachings starting in 1517 and he created Lutheranism

95 Theses

written by Martin Luther, a protest against the selling of indulgence

Recant

to withdraw or repudiate (a statement or belief) formally and publicly

Charles V

the King of Spain during the rise of the Protestant Reformation and the Holy Roman Emperor during the 16th century

Diet at Worms

Martin Luther's appearance before it to respond to charges of heresy (he refused to recant his writings)

Excommunicated

to cut off from communion with a church or exclude from the sacraments of a church by ecclesiastical sentence

Peace of Augsburg

Agreement, reached by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in Augsburg, ending the conflict between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in Germany

John Calvin

creator of Calvinism and was inspired by Luther

Predestination

the doctrine that God in consequence of his foreknowledge of all events infallibly guides those who are destined for salvation

Theocracy

government by divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided

John Knox

leader of the Scottish Reformation, who set the austere moral tone of the Church of Scotland and shaped the democratic form of government it adopted

Huguenots

French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin

Henry VIII

he brought England into the protestant reformation and famously had 6 wife’s

Annulment

a legal procedure that cancels a marriage

Defender of the Faith

the king of England was called this after being against Luthers teaching

1534 Act of Supremacy

the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome

The Elizabethan Settlement

an attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I

The Anabaptists

opposed war and the use of coercive measures to maintain the social order

The Catholic Reformation

the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal

The Council of Trent

the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation

The Inquisition

a judicial or official inquiry or examination usually before a jury

Ignatius of Loyola

He is considered to be the father of the church; his letters set the basis of Christian theology

Witch hunts

using the attention-grabbing witch trials as perverse advertisements for their brand of religion

Ghetto

a quarter of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social, legal, or economic pressure