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Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
ptolemy
a 2nd century Greek mathematician, astronomer and geographer famous for his controversial geocentric theory of the universe (created a model that was a geocentric model of the universe
Nicolaus Corpernicus
a Polish astronomer and mathematician known as the father of modern astronomy (first person to prove the heliocentric theory)
Heliocentric
The theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun
Geocentric
Earth was the center of the universe
Dogma
the doctrine of belief in a religion or a political system
Hypothesis
a theory or guess
The Scientific Method
the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation
Francis Bacon
New system of knowledge based on deductive principles.
Rene Descartes
made a important connection between Algebra and geometry (also said “Cogito, ergo sum” also known as I think, therefore I am)
Isaac Newton
known for his theory about the law of gravity
Gravity
an invisible force that pulls objects toward each other
William Harvey
the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
he was the father of microbiology
Indulgence
doing something that you enjoy even if it has negative consequences
Martin Luther
brought about the Protestant Reformation when he challenged the Catholic Church's teachings starting in 1517 and he created Lutheranism
95 Theses
written by Martin Luther, a protest against the selling of indulgence
Recant
to withdraw or repudiate (a statement or belief) formally and publicly
Charles V
the King of Spain during the rise of the Protestant Reformation and the Holy Roman Emperor during the 16th century
Diet at Worms
Martin Luther's appearance before it to respond to charges of heresy (he refused to recant his writings)
Excommunicated
to cut off from communion with a church or exclude from the sacraments of a church by ecclesiastical sentence
Peace of Augsburg
Agreement, reached by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in Augsburg, ending the conflict between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in Germany
John Calvin
creator of Calvinism and was inspired by Luther
Predestination
the doctrine that God in consequence of his foreknowledge of all events infallibly guides those who are destined for salvation
Theocracy
government by divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided
John Knox
leader of the Scottish Reformation, who set the austere moral tone of the Church of Scotland and shaped the democratic form of government it adopted
Huguenots
French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin
Henry VIII
he brought England into the protestant reformation and famously had 6 wife’s
Annulment
a legal procedure that cancels a marriage
Defender of the Faith
the king of England was called this after being against Luthers teaching
1534 Act of Supremacy
the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome
The Elizabethan Settlement
an attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I
The Anabaptists
opposed war and the use of coercive measures to maintain the social order
The Catholic Reformation
the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal
The Council of Trent
the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation
The Inquisition
a judicial or official inquiry or examination usually before a jury
Ignatius of Loyola
He is considered to be the father of the church; his letters set the basis of Christian theology
Witch hunts
using the attention-grabbing witch trials as perverse advertisements for their brand of religion
Ghetto
a quarter of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social, legal, or economic pressure
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