Biological Perspective in Neuroscience

This set of flashcards covers key terms and concepts from the biological perspective of neuroscience, focusing on the nervous system, neuron function, neurotransmitters, and brain structures.

Neuron

An individual nerve cell that transmits information in the nervous system.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons where information is transmitted.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released from terminal buttons that transmit signals across the synapse.

Axon

The part of the neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body.

Dendrites

Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other cells.

Myelin sheath

A protective covering that surrounds the axon of some neurons, aiding in faster transmission of neural impulses.

Action Potential

A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon when a neuron fires.

Excitatory Effect

A neurotransmitter effect that increases the likelihood of a neuron firing.

Inhibitory Effect

A neurotransmitter effect that decreases the likelihood of a neuron firing.

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A neurotransmitter that plays a role in motor movement and memory.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with motor movement and alertness; linked to Parkinson's and schizophrenia.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that regulates mood; a lack of it is linked to depression.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A neurotransmitter that inhibits the central nervous system and is involved in hunger and sleep.

Glutamate

An excitatory neurotransmitter important for learning and memory.

Epinephrine

A hormone also known as adrenaline, involved in the fight-or-flight response.

Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the brain involved in complex functions such as thought and action.

Frontal Lobe

Part of the brain responsible for planning, emotional control, and abstract thought.

Hippocampus

A brain structure involved in memory processing.

Hypothalamus

A pea-sized brain structure regulating bodily functions such as temperature and hunger.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate on whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) shape individual behavior.