EXSS Exam 3

When does rehab begin

Immediately after injury

SAID Principle

Specific, Adaptation to Imposed Demands; injured structure will adapt to applied stress over time

Is heat illness preventable

Yes

Results of premature return to play following a concussion

Prolonged recovery, post concussion syndrome, and second impact syndrome

When is an athlete considered recovered from a concussion

When all concussion symptoms have completely resolved at rest and during exertion, cognitive function has returned to baseline, and athlete has been cleared by a qualified healthcare provider

Facts about ICE

Initial treatment for all musculoskeletal injuries

20-30 minutes (to cool beneath fat tissues)

Apply ice/cold for at least 72 hours after injury

Decrease metabolism in injured area

Decreases velocity of nerve conduction

9 short term goals for rehabilitation

Reduce swelling

Decreases pain

Establish core stability

Reestablish neuromuscular control

Improve ROM

Increases strength, endurance, and power

Improve postural stability and balance

maintain cardiovascular fitness

Incorporate functional progressions

Signs of infection

Red, swollen, hot, tender tissue; swollen, painful lymph glands near infection site; mild fever and/or headache

Formal term for the core

Limbo-pelvic-hip complex

What will help facilitate compliances during rehabilitation

Setting objective, measurable, and motivating goals; keeping rehab sessions engaging, giving feedback on progress; maintaining trust and communication

Signs intensity is too high in rehab

Increased pain, loss or plateau in strength, loss or plateau in ROM, or increased laxity or injured ligament

Phases of healing

1. Inflammatory response phase(0-4 days): redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function; purpose - remove debris and prepare for healing

2. Fibroblast if repair phase(2days-6weeks): scar tissue formation begins; collagen fibers develop; gradual increase in strength and flexibility

3. Maturation-Remodeling phase(3weeks-years): Realignment of collagen fibers along lines of stress; tissue regains normal appearance and function

Foundation of rehab process

Healing Process: understanding the stage of tissue healing guides the rehab plan. Each phase builds on the previous one to restore function safely and effectively

Hyperthermia

Abnormally high body temperature caused by failing of heat-regulation mechanisms; includes heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke

Blood flow to Brian when concussion occurs

A concussion temporarily disrupts normal cerebral blood flow, leading to an initial hyper metabolic phase followed by hypometabolism - this makes the brain more vulnerable to further injury

Hyper metabolism

Brain cells use excessive energy immediately after concussion

Hypometabolism

Following the hyper phase, brain metabolism drops below normal, causing fatigue and delayed recovery

P.R.I.C.E

P- Protection

R - Rest

I - Ice

C -Compression

E - Elevation

Abrasion

Skin scraped against rough surface; top layer worn away exposing capillaries; infection risk high

Puncture

Direct penetration by pointed object; may introduce tetanus; refer to physician

Laceration

Jagged tear of tissue tissue from blunt or sharp trauma; high infection risk; may require sutures

Incisions

Smooth, clean cut from sharp object; easier to manage and close than laceration

Avulsion

Skin or tissue torn away from body; sever bleeding preserve tissue in saline and seek emergency care

Greenstick Fracture

Incomplete break in soft bone

Comminuted Fracture

Bone shatters into 3+ pieces; often requires surgery

Spiral Fracture

S-shaped break from twisting force on planted extremity

Oblique fracture

Diagonal brea; similar to spiral fracture but less rotational force

Avulsion Fracture

Tendon or ligament pulls small piece of bone away

Stress Fracture

Overuse injury causing small bone cracks; difficult to detect early on

Difference between a fracture and a break

There isn’t one

Importance of Monitoring an Athlete Following a Head Injury & Clearance

Monitoring ensures that symptoms don’t worsen or reappear, as concussions can have delayed or subtle effects. Returning to play too early increases the risk of Second Impact Syndrome, prolonged recovery, and long-term neurological damage.

Athletes must be evaluated and cleared by a licensed healthcare provider before resuming play to confirm full neurological recovery.

Dislocation:

At least one bone in a joint is forced completely out of normal alignment; common in fingers, elbow, shoulder.

Subluxation:

Partial or incomplete dislocation where bones separate but return to normal alignment on their own.

Sprain:

Damage to a ligament (bone to bone).

Tendon:

Connects muscle to bone

Ligament:

Connects bone to bone.

Bursa

Fluid-filled sac that reduces friction in joints and areas of high movement.

Coup

Primary/direct impact injury at site of contact.

Contrecoup

Secondary injury on the opposite side of the brain from where impact occurred.