Sediment Preparation

10-15 mL (ideally 12 mL)

Standard Specimen Volume

5 minutes at 400 RCF _{^{(Relative Centrifugal Force)}}

Spin speed and time matter (with unir)

1.118 × 10^-5 × radius x (RPM)

Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) FORMULA

FORMULA for RPM (if RCF is given)

Initial Urine Volume / the sedimen volume

Sedimen Concentration Factor (FORMULA)

ocular x objectives

Microscope FORMULA

• Bright-field

• _{^{Phase-contrast —- low fractive (casts)}}

• _{^{Polarizing —- birefringent (crystals)}}

• _{^{Interference-contrast —three dimention}}

• _^Dark-Field

SPECIALIZED MICROSCOPE:

• Objectives appear dark against light background

• _{^Bright-field}

• Phase-contrast _{^{—- low fractive (casts)}}

• _{^{Polarizing —- birefringent (crystals)}}

• _{^{Interference-contrast —three dimention}}

• _^Dark-Field

SPECIALIZED MICROSCOPE:

• Visualize elements with low refractive indices

• (casts, mucous threads)

• _{^Bright-field}

• _{^{Phase-contrast —- low fractive (casts)}}

• Polarizing _{^{—- birefringent (crystals)}}

• _{^{Interference-contrast —three dimention}}

• _^Dark-Field

SPECIALIZED MICROSCOPE:

• Identify crystals and lipids by their birefringent properties

• _{^Bright-field}

• _{^{Phase-contrast —- low fractive (casts)}}

• _{^{Polarizing —- birefringent (crystals)}}

• Interference-contrast _{^{—three dimention}}

• _^Dark-Field

SPECIALIZED MICROSCOPE:

• Provides three-dimensional images

• _{^Bright-field}

• _{^{Phase-contrast —- low fractive (casts)}}

• _{^{Polarizing —- birefringent (crystals)}}

• _{^{Interference-contrast —three dimention}}

• Dark-Field

SPECIALIZED MICROSCOPE:

• Specimen appear light against dark background

Sternheimer-Malbin Stain

• _^Composition

  • _{^{Crystal violet}}

  • _{^{Safranin O}}

TYPE OF STAIN:

• Nucleus vs Cytoplasm

Toluidine Blue (0.15% solution)

TYPE OF STAIN:

• WBC vs Epithelial cells

• very helpful in seeing nuclear detail

• ACIDIC

• Gout

• Chemotherapy

IDENTIFY THE CRYSTALS: _{^{[pH and Significance]}}

• Uric Acid

• ACIDIC

• Kidney Stone

IDENTIFY THE CRYSTALS: _{^{[pH and Significance]}}

• Calcium Oxalate

• ACIDIC

• Non-pathologic

IDENTIFY THE CRYSTALS: _{^{[pH and Significance]}}

• Amorphous Urates

• Alkaline

• UTI

IDENTIFY THE CRYSTALS: _{^{[pH and Significance]}}

• Triple Phosphate

• Acidic

• Liver Disease

IDENTIFY THE CRYSTALS: _{^{[pH and Significance]}}

• Tyrosine

• Leucine

• Acidic

• Nephrotic Syndorme

IDENTIFY THE CRYSTALS: _{^{[pH and Significance]}}

• Cholesterol Crystals