Chapter 9 & 10 review BIO 101

Genome

All genes in an organism

Chromosome

Protein w DNA wrapped around it

Gene

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein (trait)

Steps of DNA replication

1. DNA unwinds

2. Base pairs unbound

3. Nucleotides are combined by base pairing

4. Two identical copies of DNA are formed

Homologous chromosomes

Two of the same chromosome w different genes, 1 from each parent

Sister chromatids

Two sides of a chromosome that have the exact same DNA on them

Protein synthesis steps

1. DNA unwinds to produce mRNA

2. mRNA go to ribosomes

3. tRNA binds amino acids to form a protein

DNA replication occurs in/ proteins are made in

Nucleus/Ribosomes

Most males have _____ chromosomes until they make a sperm that has _____ chromosomes

46/23

Prophase

See chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up

Anaphase

Chromosomes pull apart

Telophase

Two cells are formed, nucleus reforms

Somatic cells

Non-sex cells produced by mitosis

Gametes

Sex cells produced by meiosis

Egg formation

Female meiosis-----1 egg is formed and 3 polar bodies are formed. Makes diverse cells

A starfish growing back from an arm that broke of is

Asexual reproduction and goes through mitosis

Chromatin

Protein with DNA wrapped around - not when mitosis is happening - not x looky

Zygote has

22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

Meiosis's causes of genetic diversity

Independent assortment and and recombination (crossing over)

Sexual reproduction

Formation of 2 gametes

Mitosis produces

2 identical cells

Meiosis produces

4 genetically different haploid cells

After DNA replication

Two sister chromatids are formed w same DNA

Mitosis rate

Fast for some, slow for some, completely stops for others

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm and the rest of the cell parts other than the nucleus

Cell division purpose

Replace a damaged cell, grow, simple things reproduce

S-phase

Synthesis of DNA (replicates DNA)

Interphase phases

G1, S-phase, G2

Anaphase

Sister chromatids of chromosomes are pulled apart

Mitosis phases in order

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

compare a cell after mitosis w 1 before DNA replication

A cell after mitosis has the same number of chromosomes but twice the DNA

When plant cells undergo mitosis they produce

A cell plate that later becomes the cell wall

After meiosis and organism passes on

Half its total chromosomes

Anaphase 2

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

Crossing over occurs in the ____ during ____

Tetrad/Prophase 1

Mitosis v Meiosis

Mitosis---diploid cells/4 steps/same/grow-replace
Meiosis---haploid/8 steps/different/make new organisms

Independent assortment

Make diversity by mixing up parents' chromosomes

In a human sperm there are ___ chromosomes and could be either ____ or ____

23/x or y

Autosomes

Non-sex chromosomes

Polar bodies are produced

So all of the cytoplasm and organelles of the sex cell are in the egg

Bacteria reproduce by/Eukaryotes reproduce by

Asexual reproduction/Sexual or Asexual reproduction

True or false: organisms have different numbers of chromosomes

True

True or false: during metaphase, nucleus reappears and chromosomes disappear

False, Telophase

Metaphase one is when

Homologous chromosomes lineup