apush 19-21

gilded age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Horace Greeley

An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician He helped support reform movements and anti-slavery efforts through his New York Tribune newspapes

tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Contract Labor Act of 1864

federal government encouraged immigration by helping to pay an immigrant's passage, repealed in 1868

nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Page Act

1875 legislation that prohibited the immigration of Asian contract laborers, Asian prostitutes, and convicted felons. restricted undesirable immigration

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

American Protective Association

Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s.

saloons

functioned as community centers and political centers for male workers in the 1800s. Bars or taverns where mostly men would gather to drink, eat, relax, play games, and, often, to discuss politics.

darwinism

the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin.

social darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

reform darwinism

A social philosophy that challenged the ruthlessness of Social Darwinism by asserting that humans could actively shape the process of evolutionary social development through cooperation and innovation.

William Tweed

N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City

party bosses

party leaders, usually in an urban district, who exercised tight control over electioneering and patronage

patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption.

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

President Hayes

Republican; although democrats did not want him to be president they agreed to his presidency because republicans agreed to withdraw remaining troops from the South

Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform. (Conkling)

Half Breeds

Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party. (Blaine)

Civil service reform

Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government.

President Garfield

Won the election of 1881, promised to end the spoils system, 4 months later he was assassinated for not giving one of his supporters a job in government

President Arthur

Garfield's successor; responded sympathetically to the calls for reform and abandoned his opposition to it; helped secure Pendleton Service Act ; many Stalwarts refused to support him as the 1889 Republican presidential candidate

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Mugwumps

Republican Party activists who had switched to the Democratic Party because they did not like the financial corruption that was associated with the Republican candidate James G. Blaine in 1884. Supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland.

Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886)

no state could regulate rates charged by rairloads engaged in interstate traffic

Interstate Commerce Commission

an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines

President Harrison

repub; His administration is remembered most for economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Antitrust Act, and for annual federal spending that reached one billion dollars for the first time. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress."

Sherman Anti trust act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States. First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Tariff Act of 1890

Protects domestic industries from foreign competition; this is why foreign goods tend to be expensive

Granger Movement

1867 - Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party.

Munn v Illinois

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

Wabash v Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Farmer's Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Populists

A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted unlimited coinage of silver, progressive income tax, federal ownership of railroads/telegraphs, direct election of senators and an 8hr working day

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. Prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925).

isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Alfred Mahan

He believed that the future of military power lay in the navy. Wrote Influence of Seapower on History

Seward's folly

many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

Samoa

1878, US given naval base and granted extraterritoriality for Americans. US naval base treaty, Berlin Conference, US, Britain, and Germany establish tripartite protectorate.

Hawaii

Sugar plantation boomed, and in 1890s Hawaiian population was on the low by diseases. In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani tried to limit power of American planters, but the white population overthrew the monarchy helped by US Marines. Haoles ask US to annex islands.

haoles

hawaii white population

Spanish American war

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Cuban War for Independence

the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868-1878) and the Little War (1879-1880). The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish-American War.

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

US battleship Maine

American warship that exploded in the Cuban port of Havana on January 25, 1898; though later discovered to be the result of an accident, the destruction of the Maine was attributed by war-hungry Americans to Spain, contributing to the onset of the War of 1812.

de Lome letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

teller amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Jingoism

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

treaty of paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain, US annex Puerto Rico and Guam, US occupy Manila in middle of transfer of Philippines to US

Reverend Josiah Strong

Author of "Our Country: Its possible Future and Its present crisis", summoned Americans to spread their religion and values to the "backward" peoples

Albert Beveridge

A senator from Indiana. He is known for being a imperialist that believed we should expand everywhere we could because other countries were not capable of governing themselves.

Mark Hanna

An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.

Philippine American War

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.

American Anti Imperialist league

Coalition of anti-imperialist groups united in 1899 to protest American territorial expansion, especially in the Philippine Islands; its membership included prominent politicians, industrialists, labor leaders, and social reformers. Never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists.

Philippines Government Act

1902 federal law that established a governor and a two house legislature for the Philippines, with the governor and members of the legislature's upper house appointed by the US. Islands unorganized territory (colony not eligible for statehood)

Jones Act

1916 - Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

First Sino Japanese War

conflict between China and Japan in 1894-1895 over control of Korea

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Boxers

A Chinese secret society that blamed the country's ills on foreigners, especially missionaries, and rose in rebellion in 1899-1900

Big Stick policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

President taft

27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930). He replaced Teddy Roosevelt as President and would later lose to Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 election.

US in Dominican republican

DR refused to sign treaty giving US special role in governing. Wilson sent marines to make military government and fight guerrilla war against anti American rebels

president wilson

28th President of the United States led the United States in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations (1856-1924) and its 14 points

1910 Mexican Revolution

Mexican revolt against Porfirio Diaz dictatorship that gave foreign corporations free control of developing economy. Leader of rebellion Francisco Madero overthrown b General Huerta, who assumed power

America in mexico

Refusing to recognize Huerta's government, US sent troops to govern Veracruz, only leaving when Huerta was overthrown by Venustiano Carrranza

Amos Pinchot

A leading progressive attorney and reformer from New York City

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

socialist party of america

This party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. The platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel.

muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Sammuel mcCluure

magazine owner who recruited journalists to expose corruption

Lincoln Steffens

corruption in politics

Ida tarbell

unethical illegal means of Rockefeller in Standard Oil

Ray Baker

railroad abuses

social gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

YMCA

Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities

Washington Gladden

A Congregational minister who criticized the excessive competition that often accompanied the growth of capitalistic ventures. He was especially outspoken when denouncing many of John D. Rockefeller's practices. Gladden is regarded as the founder of the Social Gospel movement emphasizing charity and social responsibility. Gladden's newspaper columns and many books that contained biblical solutions for the problems of the industrial age made him a national leader of the Social Gospel movement.

Walter Rauschenbusch

New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.

Settlement houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

National Woman Suffrage Association

NWSA American organization, founded in New York City, that was created by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women

Julia War Howe

Wrote the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" which became the anthem of the north during the Civil War, and she also worked for women's rights.

American Woman Suffrage Association

focused solely on voting rights and included men (lucy stone, julia ward howe)

National American Woman Suffrage Association

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

initiative and referendum

Initiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in general direct election. Referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval.

17th amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Taylorism

A set of ideas, also referred to as "scientific management," developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, involving simple, coordinated operations in industry.