Psychology Exam 2 Review

Sensation

Detecting enviromental stimuli

Perception

Interpreting sensory information

Transduction

Translating the sensory information into a neural signal

Sensory Adaptation

When something is unimportant, old stimuli, or not urgent you tune it out

Selective Attention

The purposeful act of paying attention to one thing over another

Frequency/Closeness of Waves (Vision)

Generates the color of what we see

Height/Peaks of Waves (Vision)

Generates the brightness of what we see

Percent of Brain Dedicated to Vision

50% of Cerebral Cortex

Cornea

* Outer-Most Layer
* First Part of Eye that Bends the Light
* Protects the Eye from Debri

Pupil

* Center of the eye (literal black hole)
* Allows Light to Enter the Depths of the Eye

Iris

* A Muscle that can Relax, Constrict, and Constract
* Controls Size of Pupil // Light Allowed into the Eye
* Substances can also Control Constriction and Constraction

Lens

* Adjusts the Bending of the Light
* Makes the Image Sharper or Less Sharp

Retina

* All Light Information is Directed into the Retina
* Neurons that Translate Light to Neuron Signals

Forea

* Middle of the Retina
* Perception of Fine Details

Rods

* Sensitive to Light
* Needs very Little Light to Send Signals
* Located on the Edge of the Retina
* Only percieves in Black and White

Cones

* Needs a Lot of Light Information
* Located in Center of the Retina
* Used in Fine Details of an Image
* Percieves Color of the Light

Optic Chiasm

The Crossing of Optic Nerves to Opposite Sides of the Brain

Optic Tract

The Optic Nerve has Fully Crossed to the other Hemisphere

Visual Pathways

* 90% of Optic Tract Axons end in the Thalamus
* Sent to Amygdala to Access Danger
* Sent to Occipital Lobe: Visual Cortex
* 10% of Optic Tract Axons end in the Hypothalamus
* Controls the release of Melatonin based off Light Information

Trichromacy Theory

* Eye has 3 Cones
* Long Wavelengths (Red)
* Medium Wavelengths (Green)
* Short Wavelengths (Blue)

Trichromacy Theory for Colorblindness

* Missing of 1 out of the 3 Cones leads to Colorblindness
* Missing anymore than 1 Cone leads to White, Grey, and Black Vision

Opponent Process Theory

* Our Occipital Lobe has Opposing Channels for Color
* When One Channel is Active the others are Not

Opponent Process Theory Channels

* Red-Green Channel
* Blue-Yellow Channel
* Black-White Channel

Color Vision

* Two Theories
* Trichromacy Theory
* Opponent Process Theory

Trichromacy Theory v.s Opponent Process Theory

* Trichromacy Theory explains Color Processing at Retinal Level
* Opponent Process Theory explains Color Processing at Thalamus or Cortical Level

Feature Detector Cell (Object Recognition)

Cells that specifically activate when seeing specific objects or shapes

Problem: Feature Detector Cell

Not every object is the same and there are so many things, create too many cells

Gestalt Psychology (Object Recognition)

Takes in the whole thing and tries to break it down into patterns

Figure and Ground

What is the Important Part of the Oject and what is the Background

Proximity

The Organization of Objects by the Closeness to Each Other

Similarity

The Organization of Objects by the Similarity of Objects to Each Other

Continuity

The Organization of Objects based on the Creating of a Smooth Line

Closure

The Organization of Objects by the Unbroken Angles and Gaps in the Objects

Simplicity

The Use of other Principles to come up with Simplist Solution for an Object or Image

Monocular Cues

Information or Clues from One Eye Only

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* Texture
* Size Comparison

Binocular Cues

Comparing of Information from One Eye to the Other

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* Retinal Disparity
* Depth Determination

Nearsightedness

Elongated Eyeball, Lens Focuses image in Front of the Retina

Farsightedness

Short Eyeball, Lens Focuses image Behind the Retina

Astigmatism

Surface of Cornea is Uneven, Leads to Distorted Image

Height/Peaks of Waves (Audition)

Determines Loudness of the Sound

Frequency/Closeness of Waves (Audition)

Determines Pitch of the Sound

High Pitch

Wave Length is Closer Together

Low Pitch

Wave Length is Farther Apart

Pinna (Outer Ear)

Outer-most part of the ear that Funnels Sound Waves into Ear

Ear Canal (Outer Ear)

A Hole in the ear that Carries Sound Deeper into the ear

Ear Drum (Outer Ear)

Seperates Outer Ear from Middle Ear, Waves of Sound Turn into Vibrations

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* also known as Tympanic Membrane

Oscicles (Middle Ear)

Carries Vibrations Deeper into the ear

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Made of:

* Hammer
* Anvil
* Stimup

Oval Window (Inner Ear)

Seperates Middle Ear and Inner Ear

Cochlea (Inner Ear)

Filled with Fluid that Vibrates with Input

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* Cochlea Duct has Basiler Membrane

Basiler Membrane (Inner Ear)

Turns Vibrations into Neuron Signals

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* Movement of Organ of Corti causes Transduction

Audition Pathway after Ear

* Auditory Nerve
* Brain Stem
* Thalamus
* Temporal Lobe

Ultrasound

Above 20,000 Hz

Infrasound

Below 20 Hz

Humans Can Hear

Between 20 to 20,000 Hz

Pitch Perception

Most Sounds are not a Pure Pitch, but Several Tones

Center of Cochlea

Lower Pitched Sounds are Percieved

Near the End of Cochlea

Higher Pitched Sounds are Percieved

Minimum and Maximum of Sound

160 dB is the Max, Higher will Burst Ear Drum

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0 dB is the Minimum, Lower will NOT be Percieved

Gate Control Theory

Limited Amount of Processing of a Certain Amount of Information from One Part of the Body

Olfactory Receptors

Transduce Chemical Signals

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Need to be Replaced every 4-6 weeks because of Chemical Response

Pathway of Olfaction

Olfactory Receptors → Olfactory Nerve → Olfactory Bulbs → Olfactory Cortex and the Amygdala

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* Only One to Skip Thalamus

Taste Receptors

Located on Tongue on Papillae

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Replaced Every 4-6 weeks or On Demand (burned tongue)

Papillae

Each Papillae has 1-100 Taste Buds

Taste Buds

Each Taste Bud has 50-150 Receptors

Pathway of Gustation

Medulla → Thalamus → Somatosensory Cortex and Orbitofrontal Cortex

Drive Theory

Motivation Drives Internal Homeostasi

Drive Activation

When Moving Away from Set Goal (Tension and Arousal)

Drive Reducation

When Goal is Addressed (Relief and Reward)

Incentive Theory

Reward that Pulls Behavior in a Particular Direction

Rewards (Incentive Theory)

* Intrinsic: Internal Reward (Pride)

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* Extrinsic: External Reward (Money)

Testosterone

* High Testosterone = Anger and Aggression
* Low Testosterone = Depression and Sadness

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* Levels Fluctuate Often
* Enviromental Triggers (Superbowl)

Estrogen

* High Estrogen = Ovulation
* Low Estrogen = Menapause

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* Levels Fluctuate Less Often
* Montly Fluctuation

Cues for Hunger

* Stomach Contraction
* Low Blood Sugar/Insulin
* Leptin Levels

Leptin

Hormones produced by Fat Cells

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Hypothalamus Monitors Leptin Levels and Adjust Metabolism Based off it

Cues for Satiety

* Hormone CCK Increases in Digestive System
* Reduction of Ghrelin in Blood
* Takes 20 Minutes for Full Response to Occur after Eating

BMI

BMI Treats All Weight the Same

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* Muscle Weight v.s Fat Weight not Assumed
* Sexes Weighted the Same
* Age is Not Addressed

Body Fat Percentage

Takes into Account Sex and Age, however Takes a Lot of Information to Calculate

Lifestyle and Genes

Lifestyle

* Fast Food Consumption
* Automation of Jobs

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Genes

* Carry More Weight
* Rate of Metabolism
* Ideal Body Weight

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Both Genes and Lifestyle Influence Weight

Ideal Weight Loss

Gradual Weight Loss to Aviod Leptin Reaction (Slowed Metabolism)

Physiological Needs (Maslow’s Needs)

* Most important and Least Gratisfying

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Food, Water, and Shelter

Saftey (Maslow’s Needs)

Weather, Predators, Coldness/Hotness

Belongingness (Maslow’s Needs)

Relationships

Esteem (Maslow’s Needs)

Respect Ourselves and Feel Respected by Others

Self Actualization

The Last Layer of the Pyrimad

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Met Your Full Potential

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Perfect or Right Amount of Emotion/Arousal to Perform a Certain Level of Task

Voluntary Emotion Expression

Controlled by Cerebral Cortex

Spontaneous Emotion Expression

Controlled by Subcortical Structures (ex. Amgydala)

Darwin Believed

Emotions were Shaped by Evolution

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* Social Smile
* Universal Human Emotion

Display Rules

Norm that Specifies When, Where, How a Person Expresses Emotion

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* U.S. v.s Japan

Gender Norms

Socially Acceptable Emotion in One Gender over Another

James-Lange Theory

Physical Sensation Results in Specific Conscious Feeling

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* “I’m crying so I must be sad”
* Problem: Too Simple

Cannon-Bard Theory

Simultaneous and Independent assessment of Physical Sensations and Subjective Feelings

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* Physically feel oen sensation and have subjective experience of another
* Problem: Independent Assessment

Schacter-Singer Theory

Physical Sensation Evaluation First, then take into Account Subjective Feelings

SAME Theory

Physical Responses Vary in Intensity and Specificity

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Specificity Levels Determines Level of Processing

* Dissappiontment (less Specific. more Processing)
* Disgust (more Specific, less Processing)

Classical Conditioning

Neutral Simulus paired with One Which Generates a Response

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* Pavlov
* Bell (Neutral)
* Food (Salvation)

Contiguity

Things Occur Close Togther

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* Unconditioned Stimuli and Conditioned Stimuli

Contingency

Always Occuring Together

Extinction

Unconditioned Stimuli and Conditioned Stimuli are no Longer Paired

Spontaneous Recovery

Reapperance of Conditioned Response after Period of Rest

Generalization

Conditioned Response to not only the Conditioned Stimuli but Similar Objects to the Conditioned Stimuli