PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Solubility

is defined as the maximum mass of a substance that can be dissolved in a fixed mass of a solvent at a given temperature.

polarity

A substance will have a different solubility in different solvents depending on?

Organic molecules

usually soluble in organic solvents (e.g. diethyl ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, petroleum ether, hexanes etc)

Melting point

is the temperature range over which the solid melts to become a liquid

spherical shapes

WHAT SPAPE of molecules with have unusually high melting points.

electrothermal Melt-point

Measuring Melting Point Using

physical

boiling points are a what properties

unknown drugs

Such as melting point, boiling point can be used to identify the

Phenol

is an antiseptic that has boiling point higher than

ether that was used as general anesthetic

ether

that was used as general anesthetic

refractive index

medium is a measure of how much the speed of light

Density

• is a measurement that compares the amount of matter an object has to its volume.

mass per unit volume

The density of a material is defined as its

PYCNOMETER

Density measurement can use

OPTICAL ROTATION

A substance is optically active if it rotates the plane of polarized light.

Enantiomers

will rotate the plane of polarisation in exactly equal amounts

(same magnitude but in opposite directions)

Dextrorotatory

designated as d or (+), clockwise rotation (to the right) •

Levorotatory

designated as l or (-), anticlockwise rotation (to the left)

anticlockwise rotation

to the left

clockwise rotation

to the right

Hydrolysis

is a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water. The reaction mainly occurs between an ion and water molecules and often changes the pH of a solution.

Reduction

means the addition of hydrogen to a molecule or the removal of oxygen.

oxidizing agents (Oxidants)

Oxidation is also carried out by using

Oxidation Rection

throug combustion