Global Communication Quiz 2 studying

Impression management theory

People try to manage others’ impressions of them

Identity from a Social Science Perspective

Identities are…

• Self-created

• Formed through identity conflicts and crises

• Formed through identity diffusion and confusion

Three universal aspects of identity

Individualized identity

Familial identity

Spiritual identity

Identity negotiation theory

People have the need to be part of groups. But people also have the need to be differentiated.This leads to tension that everyone must negotiate

Interpretive perspective

Identities are…

• Negotiated, co-created, reinforced, challenged in communication

• Emerge through interpersonal exchange

• Not a simple process

Core symbols (Cultural values)

Fundamental beliefs/central concepts that define an identity. Expressed, created, shaped through communication

Labels

Core symbols that act as names or markers used to classify groups. For example: African American, Latinx, white, Black

Identity from a critical perspective

Identities are…

• Dynamic

• Contextual and conflicting

• Constrained by societal structures and institutions

Contextual identity formation

• We are born into some identities

• Identities are constructed in particular historical and cultural contexts

• Ex. “heterosexual,” “white”

Interpellation

• Identity is formed through interpellation by people, media,

institutions

• When enjoying a TV show, for example, we take on the identity that the TV show creates for us

Minority Identity

A sense of belonging to a non dominant group. Tend to develop before majority identity

four stages to developing minority identity

1. Unexamined identity

2. Conformity

3. Resistance and separatism

4. Integration

Majority Identity

A sense of belonging to a dominant group.

5 stages to developing majority identity

1. Unexamined identity

2. Acceptance

3. Resistance

4. Redefinition

5. Integration

3 stages of developing biracial identity

1. Cycling

2. Struggle for acceptance

3. Self-acceptance and self-assertion

How do we know race is socially constructed?

1. Different racial categories, and ways of classifying, throughout the world

2. U.S. law uses a variety of definitions to determine racial categories

3. Racial categories change over time

Global nomads (Third-culture kids)

People who grow up in many different cultural contexts because of family relocation. These people might become culture brokers.

Encapsulated marginal

A person who feels trapped by their marginalization

Constructive marginal

A person who thrives in their marginalization

Utilitarian function of prejudice

Might be beneficial to share prejudices with your inner group

Ego-defensive function of prejudice

Easier to stereotype others than to confront one’s own weaknesses

Value-expressive function of prejucide

Reinforce valued aspects of life. In order for certain beliefs to be right, others must be wrong.

Why Language matters

• Language reflects cultural values and worldviews.

• It shapes how we think (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis).

• It can unite or divide communities.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Theory that language structures our perceived reality. Language guides thought, not just describes it.

Gendered languages

objects and roles reflect societal views.

Political correctness

how word choices shape inclusivity

Algospeak

coded language to bypass moderation (e.g., “unalive,” “spicy accountant”)

Co-Cultural Communication Theory

Focuses on how marginalized groups communicate within dominant cultures.

Three orientations of co-cultural communication theory

• Assimilation

• Accommodation

• Separation

three strategies of co-cultural communication theory

• Nonassertive

• Assertive

• Aggressive

Dominant Group Theory

Examines how dominant groups respond to co-cultural communication. Strategies: Acceptance, avoidance, or support.

Why code switch?

1. Happens unconsciously

2. To fit in

3. To get something, like tips or better prices

4. To say something in secret

5. To make a point

English as global lingua franca

A commonly shared language that is used as a medium of communication between people of different languages

Hybridity

mixing global and local speech.

Dialectic thinking

a reasoning method that reconciles opposing or contradictory ideas to find a more comprehensive truth

Cultural–Universal

Some non-verbals are universal, others vary by culture

Personal–Contextual

We each have our own habits, but they’re shaped by our social settings

Static–Dynamic

Some gestures are old and stable; others evolve over time

Expectancy violations theory

We have ideas about how people will act in any given situation. Violations of these expectations are interpreted to be significant. Not always conscious

Semiotics

Signifier is the physical form of the sign (image, word, sound) as we perceive it through our senses. Signified is the meaning we associate with the sign. Signifier + Signified = Sign

signifiers

images, poses, colors, music

signified meanings

what ideas or emotions do they suggest

ideologies or values

beauty, youth, gender, class, etc

Types of Intercultural Transitions

• Travel for work

• Live abroad for work (expat)

• Immigrants

• Refugees

Four types of migrant group

Assimilation

A type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity.

Separation

Choose to retain original culture and avoid interaction.

Anxiety and Uncertainty Management (AUM) model

managing the discomfort of unpredictability

Transition model

Fight or flight in reaction to transitions

Integrative Model

Adapt to new context in complex ways

U-curve model

• Honeymoon, crisis, adjustment, adaptation

• When you first came to college, did you experience a ‘honeymoon’ stage?

W- Curve model

• Second U-curve when we return home!

• Sojourners, exchange students, or immigrants who visit home often describe this second ‘dip’ in the W-curve — realizing they now belong partly to both worlds.