Unit 3 Biochemistry

describe an organic compound

a chemical compound produced by/occur naturally in organisms, all include carbon

name organic compounds

breast milk, ear wax

list elements that are commonly found in organic compounds

CHONPS; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfer

describe a hydrocarbon

a simple chain of hydrogen with carbon

list some hydrocarbons

methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10)

describe a substituted hydrocarbon

hydrocarbon with 1 or more hydrogen replaced with a "functional group"

list some substituted hydrocarbons

ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), acetic acid/vinegar (CH3COOH), adenosine triphosphate

what is a "functional group"

a substituent that determines the chemical behavior of the compound

name some functional groups

hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), phosphate (-PO4)

describe the effect of functional groups on hydrocarbon structure and function

functional groups can affect the bonds that hold macromolecules together, as well as affect its polarities; this changes the function of the hydrocarbons

define organic macromolecules

large, complex substituted organic molecules with specific roles in organisms

compare polymer to monomer

monomers are single unit building blocks of larger molecules whereas a polymer is a long chain of monomers, large molecules

describe the general characteristics/function of carbohydrates

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; used primarily as sources of energy (some function as structural compounds)

name and identify monosaccharides

simplest carbohydrates, monomers; single-ringed, also called sugars/names end in -ose

name and identify disaccharides

double-ringed sugar, form through dehydration synthesis - 2 monosaccharides stuck together

name and identify oligosaccharides

carbohydrates composed of few (2-10) monosaccharide units

name and identify polysaccharides

more than 2 monosaccharides stuck together in chains, complex carbohydrates/polymers

identify a diagram of the structure of glucose

C6H12O6

be able to diagram the formation of disaccharide through dehydration synthesis bonding

describe the breakdown of a disaccharide through hydrolysis

breaking of a bond between monomers by adding water

describe what is meant by an isomer

two molecules that share the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

name a pair of isomers

glucose and fructose

compare the structure, source, and function of 4 polysaccharides discussed in class (1)

starch: molecule made of long chains of sugar molecules (C6H10O5) in which plants store excess sugar in roots, stems, and leaves, plant source

compare the structure, source, and function of 4 polysaccharides discussed in class (2)

cellulose: touch structural polysaccharide ((C6H10O5)n) found in plant cell walls that is relatively waterproof and hard to digest, plant source

compare the structure, source, and function of 4 polysaccharides discussed in class (3)

glycogen: molecules used by animals to store excess sugar in the liver (4-6 hr supply), animal starch, highly branched, animal source (C24H42O21)

compare the structure, source, and function of 4 polysaccharides discussed in class (4)

chitin: tough structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of insects, spiders, and crustaceans, and cell walls of fungi, animal source (C8H13O5N)n

identify reactants of a chemical reaction shown as a chemical equation

substances to the left of a chemical equation, present at the start of the reaction

identify products of a chemical reaction shown a a chemical equation

substances to the right of the chemical equation, result of reaction

describe what is meant by the law of conservation of matter

that the amount of matter stays the same, even when the matter changes form

describe what is meant by the law of conservation of energy

that the amount of energy is neither created nor destroyed (measure through joules)

explain how chemical reactions uphold the law of conservation of matter and energy

the amount of matter and energy in a chemical reaction cannot be created or destroyed; mass and energy of the product is the same as the reactants

explain why a chemical reaction must be balanced

it allows us to predict the amount of reactants needed and amount of products formed in order to abide by the rules of the laws

draw/analyze reaction coordinates to identify energy contained in reactants/products of a chemical reaction

identify role of organic catalysts (enzymes) in lowering activation energy needed to promote a chemical reaction

catalysts decrease the amount of energy required by speeding up chemical reactions without being destroyed itself

identify the role of an enzyme on a reaction coordinate

lowers the free energy of activation of a reaction so the reactants can transition and form products

compare exergonic vs endergonic reactions

both require an input of activation energy and use enzymes to lower the energy needed to complete the reaction

exergonic reactions

energy in reactants are greater than energy in products, release surplus energy as heat and light

endergonic reactions

products hold more energy than reactants provide, energy is absorbed from environment and look dark and cold

identify examples of each and recognize each from reaction coordinates

exergonic - photosynthesis, endergonic - aerobic cellular respiration

describe the general characteristics/function of proteins

contain CHONS, found in hair, nails, skin, muscle, feathers, include hormones, antibodies, and crustaceans (cell walls of fungi)

diagram the general structure of an amino acid, understand how "r" represents replacement groups that can form 20 amino acids

replacement groups differ between each specific amino acid

be able to diagram the formation of a dipeptide by forming a peptide bond

describe the breakdown of a dipeptide through hydrolysis

breaking of a peptide bond by adding water

fibrous proteins

structural function, long, straight chains, located in nails, skin, muscles

globular proteins

function as chemical reactions, are chains folded into 3d shape (glob like), located in hormones, antibodies, enzymes

examples of fibrous proteins

collagen, keratin

examples of globular proteins

hemoglobin

describe the role of enzymes in organisms

organic catalysts that react only with a specific substance that matches its unique 3d shape to release products

describe how enzymes are affected by denaturation

normal shape gets changed, no longer matches shape of the substrate; caused by changes in pH and high temperatures

identify various enzymes and their substrates

amylase and starch, lactase and lactose, catalase and hydrogen peroxide

describe the lock and key theory pertaining to enzyme function

the substrate acts as the key and the enzyme as the lock, active site is the key hole; substrate fits with the enzyme to complete reactions and release products

draw a correctly labeled diagram representing enzyme, substrate, enzyme substrate complex, active site, products

describe the general characteristics/function of lipids in organisms

contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, insoluble in water, reserve energy in animals; includes triglycerides (fats and oils), waxes, and steroids

name and describe the monomers of a triglyceride

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

diagram the formation of a triglyceride

other lipids; waxes

structural lipid, not a triglyceride; beeswax, ear wax (cutin)

other lipids; steroids

4 fused rings of carbon to which many different groups of elements are attached; cholesterol, testosterone

other lipids; phospholipids

special type of triglyceride found within cell membranes (50%), both polar and nonpolar

types of triglycerides; fats

saturated with hydrogen, solid, no double bonds, less healthy (hydrophobic), animal source

types of triglycerides; oils

unsaturated; not as much hydrogen, liquid, many double bonds, more healthy, plant source

describe the nature and function of phospholipids

acts as a barrier to protect the cell against environmental viruses; makes up 50% of cell membrane

diagram the simplified structure of a phospholipid

identify polar/nonpolar ends

polar, hydrophilic head, nonpolar, hydrophobic tail

describe how phospholipids form cell membranes

phospholipids will arrange themselves in a pattern where the hydrophilic heads face the water and the tails don't to form cell membranes

describe the role of dna in cells

gets copied during cell division, stores the genetic code; determines protein structure, found in the nucleus

describe the role of rna in cells

temporary copy of genetic code, directly used in protein synthesis, found in nucleus, ribosome, cytoplasm of cell

diagram the structure of dna polymers

diagram the structure of rna polymers

diagram and describe a nucleotide

dna nucleotides

contains deoxyribose sugar, may contain thymine, guanine, cytosine, adenine bases

rna nucleotides

contains ribose sugar; has extra oxygen, may contain uracil, guanine, cytosine, adenine bases

dna base pairing rules

cytosine and guanine, thymine and adenine

rna base pairing rules

uracil and adenine, cytosine and guanine

polar molecules

a molecule with two oppositely charged regions

nonpolar molecules

a molecule with the same charged regions

hydrophobic substances

"water-fearing"; non-polar substances, do not dissolve in water easily

hydrophilic substances

"water-loving"; polar substances, dissolve easily in water

examples of polar, hydrophilic molecules/substances

alcohole

examples of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules/substances

lipids like oil

diagram and describe the formation of hydrogen bonds in water

adhesion

attractive forces between two different substances

cohesion

attractive forces between two like things

capillary action

when water can defy gravity; especially through narrow spaces

meniscus

a curve in the surface of water when touching a different material

specific heat

the ability for water to be able to absorb heat and transfer it

density of ice

the ability for ice to float because it is less dense than water, unlike most solids

universal solvent

the ability for water to be able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid on earth

how does adhesion and cohesion promote life on earth

these forces transport water from the roots to the leaves in plants

how does capillary action promote life on earth

when water is being transported through plants, the defying of gravity allows it to flow up through its roots and leaves

how does specific heat promote life on earth

water is able to absorb heat and transfer it to stabilize living conditions

how does the density of ice promote life on earth

to act as a blanket for the water underneath the ice, but also allow living organisms in the water to stay alive

how does the universal solvent promote life on earth

it holds the ability to be able to carry and transport chemicals, minerals, and nutrients essential to living organisms everywhere

aqueous solutions

solution in which something is dissolved in water (solvent)

solute

part of the solution that is dissolved in the water

solvent

liquid dissolving the solute

properties of acid solutions

form hydrogen (H) ions when mixed with water, have a low pH (stronger acid)

properties of base solutions

form hydroxide (OH) ions when mixed with water, have a high pH (stronger base)

be able to draw and label the pH scale with common substances on the scale

describe the role of a buffer and neutralization in organisms

a chemical that purposely neutralizes an acid or base; when acids and bases react to form harmless salt and water

explain the proper use of litmus

changes the color of the paper to blue or red; blue means basic, red means acidic