BIOL 107 Topic 5: Eukaryotes Interiors

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to eukaryotic cell structure and function.

Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Nucleus

The defining feature of eukaryotic cells, containing most of the cell's DNA and the site of RNA synthesis.

Chromatin

A complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus.

Nucleolus

A dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome subunits are assembled.

Nuclear Envelope

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, separating nucleoplasm from cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An organelle composed of folded membranes responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids; can be rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes).

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport or secretion.

Lysosome

An organelle containing hydrolyzing enzymes that digest macromolecules and recycle cellular components.

Peroxisome

An organelle responsible for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful byproducts.

Centrosome

An organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center during cell division.

Vacuole

A large vesicle that stores nutrients and regulates osmotic pressure, especially prominent in plant cells.

Plastids

Plant organelles involved in photosynthesis and storage, containing their own DNA.

Endomembrane System

A system of interconnected membranes within the cell, including the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.

Ribosome

A molecular machine that synthesizes proteins; can be free in the cytosol or bound to the rough ER.

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.

Microtubules

Cytoskeletal components that help maintain cell shape and are involved in cell division.