Bio 215 Exam 1 + Amino Acids, Functional Groups, Carbohydrates, Protein Structure

glycine

nonpolar

alanine

nonpolar

valine

nonpolar

leucine

nonpolar

isoleucine

nonpolar

methionine

nonpolar

phenylalanine

nonpolar

tryptophan

nonpolar

proline

nonpolar

serine

uncharged polar

threonine

uncharged polar

cysteine

uncharged polar

tyrosine

uncharged polar

asparagine

uncharged polar

glutamine

uncharged polar

aspartate

negatively charged polar

glutamate

negatively charged polar

lysine

positively charged polar

arginine

positively charged polar

histidine

positively charged polar

all characteristics of living things (there's 9)

organization
evolution of populations
DNA
reproduction
growth/development
response to environment
metabolism
homeostasis
contain one or more cells

basic unit of life

smallest unit with capacity to live and reproduce, independently or part of a multi-cellular organism

cell

when were cells first observed
mid ______s

1600

who made the term "cell"
compartments in _______ slices

robert hooke, cork

who invented the first microscope
late ______s

zacharias jansen, 1500

after 1665 there weren't many discoveries in cell biology
scientists were limited by
1. ___________ instruments
2. their way of _____________

optical, thinking

optics improved in the ________s
the _____________ microscope was developed

1830 compound

who came up with the term "nucleus"
what year

robert brown, 1831

robert hooke came up with what word

cell

robert brown came up with what word

nucleus

"cell theory" - what year
schleiden and schwann

1838

EARLY cell theory breakdown
1. cell = unit of s___________, physiology, organization in living things
2. cell = both ___________ _________ and building __________
3. cells formed by free-_______________, like crystals

structure distinct entity block formation

who revised the early cell theory

virchow

REVISED cell theory breakdown
1. cell = unit of s___________, physiology, organization in living things
2. cell = both ____________________ and building __________
3. all cells come from ______________ cells

structure, distinct entity, block, preexisting

average human has ~________________ cells

30 trillion

current phylogenetic tree has _____ domains and name them

3, bacteria, archaea, eukarya

3 domain system
Bacteria = ________________
Archaea = ________________, many extremophiles
Eukarya = ________________ (including __________, plants, fungi, animals)

prokaryotes, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, protists

the phylogenetic tree was redrawn based on analysis of ________ sequences
BECAUSE it is a component of __________________ and these sequences change _________ over time

rRNA, ribosomes, slowly

____________________ and archaea are more closely related to each other than to bacteria

eukaryotes

diverse groups/lineages of eukaryotic organisms

protists

(t/f) protists can be unicellular and multicellular

T

(t/f) viruses are considered living organisms

F

______ use host machinery to replicate. They are a complex of __________ and __________ acids (with RNA or DNA genome)

virus, protein, nucleic

what characteristics of life do viruses not exhibit?

metabolism, growth/development, homeostasis, contains one or more cells, can't reproduce on its own, response to environment

how do prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells differ?

prokaryotes don't have a nucleus and lack internal complexity
eukaryotes have a nucleus and extensive membrane bound organelles

prokaryotes include which organisms?
a. bacteria
b. archaea
c. protists
d. all of the above
e. both a and b

e

average size of prokaryotes
____-____ ____ (units) diameter

1 5 um

average size of eukaryotes
____-____ ____ (units) diameter

10 100 um

basic structural features of all cells
1. surrounded by _______-based plasma membrane
2. ____________ machinery
3. ______ = hereditary information
4. ____________ = protein synthesizing machinery

lipid, metabolic, dna, ribosome

subcellular structures are best measured with the units
____ or ___

nanometers, angstroms

DNA helix diameter
____ nm
____ A

2, 20

size of proteins is measured in
____

daltons

the smaller the surface area to volume ratio (it's worse), the ____________ the rates of chemical reactions

(bc problematic exchange of substance btw cell and environment)

slower

(t/f) cells cope with the SA:V ratio problem by dividing

T

(t/f) cells deal with the SA:V ratio problem by stopping the cell growth cycle (like G0)

T

in G0, cells can become
1. ___________ (phase is reversible - can re-enter cell cycle)
2. terminally ________________ (non-reversible)

quiescent, differentiated

brush border cells of intestinal epithelium

membrane folding

(t/f) membrane folding is not seen in prokaryotes

F

(t/f) membrane folding is limited to the plasma membrane in eukaryotes

F

(t/f) cells can cope w the SA:V ratio problem with active transport

T

transportation of 'cargo' by specialized carrier proteins

active transport

(t/f) the SA:V ratio problem is thought to be a driving force for the evolution of multicellularity

T

in prokaryotes
rigid protective layer of carbohydrate surrounding plasma membrane

cell wall

process that separates subcellular components
"cell ___________________"

fractionation

cell fractionation has ___ steps
1. cell ______ (broken open - chemical exposure)
2. _____________________ (subcellular stuff blended together - "cell soup")
3. _____________________ (centrifugal force differentially sediments the heterogenous mixture)

3 lysis homogenization centrifugation

_________ = sediment at bottom after centrifugation
________________ = remaining liquid phase

pellet, supernatant

in fractionation - centrifugation causes ______________ subcellular objects to form a pellet first

larger/denser

(t/f) hydroxyl groups deprotonate in an aqueous environment

F

(t/f) carboxylic acids deprotonate in aqueous solutions

T

measure of how fast a particle sediments when subjected to centrifugal force

sedimentation coefficient

(t/f) larger particles sediment faster and have higher S values

T

what contains the cytosol, organelles, subcellular structures

cytoplasm

How thick is the plasma membrane?

4-8 nm

fibrous network outside of the cell - made of various proteins and polysaccharides

extracellular matrix

functions of the ECM
___________/structure
adhesion/______________ to surrounding medium

support, anchorage

what makes up bacterial prokaryotic cell walls

peptidoglycan

Structure of peptidoglycan

polysaccharide chains made of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid cross-linked with peptides

technique to ID bacteria based on cell wall characteristics
also used for checking presence of bacteria in a sample

gram stain

gram stain
- cells stained with _______ dye
- washed with ___________
- stained again with ___________ stain (color: _____)

purple, alcohol, counter, red

(t/f) thin cell walls give a gram positive stain

F

(t/f) gram stains focus on peptidoglycan

T

gram negative bacteria appears ______

red

(t/f) thick cell wall means purple color gets trapped in the cytoplasm and thin cell wall means purple can get easily alcohol-washed out

T

gram positive bacteria appear

purple

prokaryotic cell wall synthesis inhibitors

antibiotics that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis and compromise cell wall integrity
this makes bacteria susceptible to osmotic pressures and generally lyse

(t/f) the nuclear membrane is a double membrane

T

where are the ribosomal subunits made

nucleolus

short form for the complex of RNA and protein
(____ complex)

RNP

ribosome sizes
prokaryotic = (size of small subunit)S + (size of large subunit)S = _____S
eukaryotic = (size of small subunit)S+ (size of large subunit)S = _____S

30, 50, 70, 40, 60, 80

prokaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors

work by inhibiting ribosome activity

what accounts for half the membranes in an eukaryotic cell

ER

whose function is:
- lipid synthesis
- carbohydrate metabolism
- storing calcium
- detoxifying poison

smooth er

a secreted protein would
a. go through the RER
b. go through the SER

a

what side of the golgi network is close to the ER

cis

what side of the golgi network is closer to the plasma membrane

trans

what adds a water molecule to a bond to break it

hydrolase

What does the endomembrane system include?

nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane, transport vesicles

process of organelle degradation that takes place inside the cell

used to remove old/damaged cell structures

autophagy

some _________________work by inhibiting cell wall _______________
(for bacteria and stuff)

antibiotics biosynthesis

(t/f) cells may have one or more vacuoles

t