Biol 321 -Phylogeny

Seed plant synapomorphies

• Vascular cambium

• Seed

• Pollen and pollen recieving strucures

Gymnosperm synapomorphies

Ovules located on cones// megasporophylls

Pinaceae synapomorphies

• Needle-like leaves

• 2 ovules per scale

• Free bract

Cupressaceae synapomorphies

• Scale-like and needle like leaves

• Fleshy cone

• >2 ovules per scale

• Fused bract

Angiosperm synapomorphies

Ovules located inside ovaries

Non-eudicots Non Monocots

• Spiral floral phyllotaxy

• Apocarpous gynoecium

• Laminar stamens

• Tracheids, no vessel elements

Nymphaceae synapomorphies

• Aquatic; has rhizomes

• Peltate leaves

• Many petals

• Laminar placentation

Mangoliids synapomorphies

• Monosulcate pollen

• Trimerous, sprial flowers w many parts

• Aromatic oils

• Primitive vessels

Magnoliaceae synapomorphies

• Spiral tepals

• Laminar stamens

• Stipule scars

• Long receptacle

Piperaceae synapomorphies

• Spadix with peltate bracts

• Swollen nodes

• Laminar placentation

• Drupe

Monocot synapomorphies

• One cotyledon

• P2 protein inclusions

• Atactostele stem vasculature

• Parallel leaf venetion

Asparagales synapomorphies

• Phytomelan in seeds

• Sepal nectaries

Orchidaceae synapomorphies

• resupinate

• Lip, labellum

• Gynoecium

Aliaceae synapomorphies

• 3 merous

• Onion smell

• Umbellate inflorescence

Liliales synapomorphies

• No phytomelan in seeds

• Stamen nectaries

Liliaceae synapomorphies

• Spotted tepals

• Terminal raceme

• Loculicidal or septicidal capsule

Commelinids synapomorphies

• UV florescent compounds

• Coumaric acid

Cyperaceae synapomorphies

• Triangular stems

• 1 base spiklet

• 1 bract

• Perigium

• Achene

Juncaceae synapomorphies

• Round solid stems

• Tepals

• No bracts

• Loculicidal capsule

Poaceae synapomorphies

• Round, hollow stems

• Distichous leaves

• 2 base spikelets

• 2 bracts

• Caryopsis

Eudico synapomorphies

• Tricolpate pollen

• Two cotyledons

• Net like reticulate venetion

• Floral parts in 4s, and 5s

Non core eudicots synapomorphies

• Free apocarpous carpels

• Diverse floral morphology

Ranunculaceae synapomorphies

• 5 merous

• Exstipulate

• Petaloid sepals

• Many stamens, many carpels

Proteaceae synapomorphies

• 4 merous

• Pollen presentation (sepals to anther)

• Braceate inflorescence

• Strange leaves

Core eudicots synapomorphies

• 5 merosity

• Diverse floral organs

• Well differentiated perianth

Rosids synapomorphies

• N2 fixing

• Serrated leaves

• Hypanthium

Fabids synapomorphies

• N fixing

• 5 merous with variable symmetry (zygomorphic is common)

• Compound leaves generally

Rosales synapomorphies

• Hypanthium

• Serrated leaves

Rosaceae synapomorphies

• 5 merous

• Serrated leaves

• Stipules

• Epicalyx

Fabales synapomorphies

• Monocarpic

• Marginal placentation

• Legumes or loments

Fabaceae synapomorphies

• Bipinnate leaves

• Biserate flowers

• Diadelphous stamen

• Banner + keel petals

• Pulvini

Fagales synapomorphies

• Unisexual flowers

• Aments//catkins

Betulaceae synapomorphies

• Monoecious

• Pistillate and staminate inflorescences

• 3 lobed bract

• 1 seeded nutlet

Malpighales synapomorphies

• Strange forms; very morphologically diverse

Euphorbiaceae synapomorphies

• Cacti like

• Latex bearing

• Monoecious

• Unisexual flowers

• Cyanthium

Salicaceae synapomorphies

• Dioecious

• Drooping catkins // aments

• Perianth cup

• Nectar glands

• Cottony seeds

Malvids synapomorphies

• Bicollateral vascular bundles

• Vestured pits

Onagraceae synapomorphies

• Viscin threads

• Epiperigynous

• Loculicidal capsule

Malvales synapomorphies

• Palmate venation

• Stellate trichomes

• Mucilage canals

• Monodelphous stamens

Malvaceae synapomorphies

• 5 merous

• Epicalyx

• Valvate sepals

• Monodelphous stamens

Brassicales synapomorphies

• Rich diversity

• Mustard oils

Brassicaceae synapomorphies

• 4 merous

• Exstipulate

• Cross like flowers

• Tetradynamous stamens

• Siliques

Sapindales synapomorphies

• Woody

• Alternate leaves

• Nectar disk

Sapindaceae synapomorphies

• No petals

• Unisexual by abortion

• Curved embyro

• Nectiferous disk

Superasterids synapomorphies

• Inferior ovaries

• Sypetalous flowers

• Betalins

Caryophyllales synapomorphies

• Betalins

• Free central placentation

• Campylotrophous ovules

• Pollen shed in trinucleate

• Sieve tube plastids

Caryophyllaceae

• Swollen nodes

• Opposite leaves

• Anthocyanins

• Ungilate petals

• Cyme

• Free central placentation

Cactaceae synapomorphies

• Succulence

• Lots of petals

• Aeroles with spines and glochis

• Parietal placentation

Polygonaceae synapomorphies

• Ocrea

• Swollen nodes

• ALternate leaves

Amoranthaceae synapomorphies

• Congested flowers

• No corolla

• Circumscissile capsule

Ericales synapomorphies

• Mycorrhizal associations

• Thick walled pollen

• Epipetalous stamens

• Secondary compounds

• Morphologically heterogeneous

Ericaceae synapomorphies

• Revolte leaves

• Uvulate, tubular or companulate corolla

• Anther inversion

• Anther appendages

• Terminal pores

• True berry

Primulaceae synapomorphies

• Stamens opposite to petals

Asterids synapomorphies

• Sympetalous corolla

• Iridoid compound

• Unitegmic

Lamiids synapomorphies

• Sympetalous flowers

• Utigemic ovules

• Cellular endosperm development

• Secondary metalobites

• 2-4 lobed ovaries

Lamiales synapomorphies

• Iridoids

• Opposite leaves

• Bilabiate flowers

Lamiaceae synapomorphies

• Aromatic

• Square stem

• Flower in verticels

• Epipetalous stamens

• Gynobasic style

Scrophulariaceae synapomorphies

• Bilabiate flowers

• Epipetalous stamens

• Terminal style

• Tubular corolla

Gentiales synapomorphies

• Iridoids

• Opposite leaves

• Contorted corolla

Apocyanaceae synapomorphies

• Milky latex

• Propellor perianth

• Pollen presentation

• Gynostegium

Rubiaceae synapomorphies

• Interpetiolar stipules

• Epigynous

Solanales synapomorphies

• no iridoids

• Alternate leaves

• Plicate corolla

• Persistent corolla

Solanaceae synapomorphies

• Cyme inflorescence

• Rotate corolla

• Epipetalous stamens

• Axile placentation

• Poricidal capsule

Convolvulaceae synapomorphies

• Milky latex

• Seperate sepals

• Cyme inflorescnce

• Infundibular corolla

• Different filiment length

Campanuliids synapomorphies

• Inferior ovary

• Placentation is axile or basal

• Inulin

• Latex or milky sap

Apiales synapomorphies

• Iridoids

• Alternate compound leaves

• Seperate corollas

• Inferior gynoecium

Apiaceae synapomorphies

• Aromatic

• Hollow stem

• Sheathing leaves

• Compound umbel

• Stylopodium

Asterales synapomorphies

• No iridoids

• Latex

• Pollen presentation

• Inferior gynoecium

Campanulaceae

• Actinomorphic

• Unfused epipetalous stamens

• 3-5 fused carpels — bell shaped ureocorale

Asteraceae synapomorphies

• Special inflorescence head called a psuedoanthia

• Pollen presentation (anthers fused)

• Pappus

• Cypesalla