Biology uncombined version

also in biology final exam combined with the rest of the material

the ________ is the cell structure that is composed of a stack of slightly curved sacs that are important in modifying, packaging, and secretion of proteins

Golgi complex

Observe the structures of the 2 amino acids shown below. What makes one amino acid different from another amino acid?

The "R" group

All ________ tissue have a free surface and a basement membrane. the cells are tightly joined to each other and function as a barrier.

epithelial

When two amino acids combine via a dehydration reaction

a peptide bond is formed

Which of the following terms is true about letter "B" of the phospholipid bilayer shown below?

hydrophobic

________ tissue does not have striations, is composed of tapered cells, is involuntary, and would be found in the walls of hollow organs.

smooth muscle

________ tissue receives sensory input, integrates data, and conducts impulses.

Nervous

________ contain ribose sugar, the nitrogen-containing base uracil, and is made up of a single strand of nucleotides.

RNA

________ tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue types in the body. In all cases it consists of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

Connective

the function of DNA in a cell is

to store information for the order of amino acids in a protein

nucleotides are made up of

a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

what is the main function of the ribosomes in the cell?

to synthesize proteins

The ________ level of protein structure is characterized by alpha helices and beta-sheets which are held in place by _________ bonds.

secondary; hydrogen

according to the figure below, which of the following will cross between the phospholipids of the phospholipid bilayer?

gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

During a hurricane, salt water invades fresh water marshes causing many of the plants to die. The plants are killed because the salt water solution is ________ to the plants, drawing water from their cells.

hypertonic

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from where it is more concentrated is called

osmosis

Sheree observed an amoeba feeding by engulfing the prey with its false feet or pseudopods. This process is known as

phagocytosis

Most of the energy used by the cell is in the form of ATP. Where is most of the cell's ATP produced?

mitochondria

The photo below shows cilia on the surface of pseudstratified ciliated columnar epithelium that lines the trachea. The image, at 2500X, was taken using a ________ microscope.

scanning electron

The ________ system is made up of the heart and blood vessels.

cardiovascular

The ________ system produces hormones and coordinates organ systems and includes the thyroid gland and the pancreas.

endocrine

the yellow star in the figure below is in the ________ cavity.

abdominal

The dorsal cavity is made up of which cavities?

spinal cavity
cranial cavity

The peritoneum, pericardium, and pleurae are all ________ membranes

serous

The skin is composed of which layers?

dermis and epidermis

In the figure below, the heart (triangle) is ________ to the liver (star)

superior

Sudoriferous glands produce ________ and sebaceous glands produce ________.

sweat; sebum

The ________ of the skin is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains glands, hair follicles, receptors, and blood vessels

dermis

Which of following is true about the concentration of ions in a resting neuron?

sodium ion concentration is greater outside the cell

In a resting neuron, the plasma membrane is charged with

the inside negative relative to the outside

which of the following events of an action potential happens first?

sodium ions leave the neuron

During repolarization, potassium ions will move from inside to outside the axon through ________ channels and, as a result, the inside of the plasma membrane will be ________ charged relative to the outside.

potassium gated; negatively

The _________ is the time immediately after an action potential during which the axon is unable to conduct another action potential.

refractory period

The ________ is a special protein in the cell membrane of the neuron that actively transports sodium and potassium ions across the membrane against their concentration gradients in order to maintain the correct concentration gradient for the resting membrane

sodium-potassium pump

Which of the following is the correct order of events in which a neuron is stimulated?

sodium gates open - sodium ions enter the cell - potassium gates open - potassium rushes out of the cell

when an action potential reaches an axon terminal, what is the very next event that occurs?

The calcium ions enter the terminal stimulating the synaptic vessels to merge with the plasma membrane at the axonal terminal of the sending membrane.

when a neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal, it will bind to a ________ on the postsynaptic neuron.

receptor

in which lobe of the brain is the primary motor cortex found

frontal lobe

in which lobe of the brain is the primary somatosensory cortex found

parietal lobe

in which lobe of the brain is the olfactory cortex found

temporal lobe

in which lobe of the brain is the visual cortex found

occipital lobe

which of the following events of an action potential happens first?

sodium ions enter the neuron

which body cavity is found at letter E

abdominal Cavity

which body cavity is found at letter F

pelvic cavity

which body cavity is found at letter D

pleural cavity

What structures, in order, are responsible for hearing, starting with a sound wave?

auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea

The central nervous system - brain and spinal cord - is protected by all of the following except

muscle

which of the following structures of the inner ear play a role in equilibrium?

semicircular canals and vestibule

which statement best describes the relationship between the white and gray matter in the spinal cord?

The gray matter is shaped like an H and is surrounded by the white matter

in the figure below, the yellow arrow is pointing to a ________ and the blue arrow is pointing to a ________ which is responsible for ________

sebaceous; pacinian corpuscle; pressure

receptors located on the retina of the eye and respond to light are

photoreceptors

receptors located in the ear are

mechanoreceptors

receptors that are required in order for a person to be ale to taste or smell something are

chemoreceptors

receptors located on free nerve endings in the skin to detect changes in heat or cold are

thermoreceptors

receptors that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues are

pain receptors

place the events at the synapse between a sending and receiving neuron in the correct order.
1. an action potential begins in the receiving neuron
2. neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
3. an action potential arrives at an axon terminal
4. calcium ions enter the axon terminal
5. sodium ions diffuse into the receiving neuron
6. synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane
7. neurotransmitter molecules bind to the membrane of the receiving neuron

3,4,6,2,7,5,1

in a resting neuron, the plasma membrane is charged with

the inside negative relative to the outside

the knee is a common site of injury for athletes. Observe the figure of the right knee joint below; the articulated skeleton is shown to help with the location of the joint. There are ligaments that join the joint with the femur and tibia, called the collateral ligaments. They are shown by the red arrows. There are pads of cartilage, called the meniscus, on the tibia in which the femur moves. They are shown by the dark green arrows.
There are two collateral ligaments and two menisci. They are named using directional terms, medial and lateral. In the figure of the knee joint, the lateral collateral ligament is shown by letter ________ and the medial meniscus is shown by letter ________.

A; D

Place the following steps in the correct order for a reflex arc
1. sensory neurons pass signals to interneurons
2. nerve signals travel along motor fibers to an effector
3. sensory receptors generate nerve signals
4. interneurons synapse with motor neurons
5. there is a response to the stimulus

3,1,4,2,5

The ________ system of the ________ sends sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons.

somatic sensory; PNS

A tumor located in the primary somatosensory area would impact which of the following functions?

the ability to feel a rough object

________ is associated with the PNS but not the CNS

schwann cell

which of the following is true about the concentration of ions in a resting neuron?

sodium ion concentration is greater outside the cell

what ensures the one-way direction of an action potential?

as soon as the action potential has passed by, that portion of the axon undergoes a short refractory period

the process by which immune cells, T-cells and B-cells, increase in number after being activated to respond to an antigen is called

clonal expansion

the vessels that supply blood to and from the stomach is part of the ________ circulation

systemic

after the electrical signal of the heart reaches the atrioventricular bindle, it will next go to the

purkinje fibers

the features common to all blood vessels are

lumen and endothelium

which of these white blood cells gives rise to plasma cells, which can then produce antibodies?

B-Lymphocytes

A hiker receives antivenin after being bitten by a rattlesnake while hiking the Grand Canyon. This is an example of ________ immunity.

passive

there is helper, cytotoxic, and suppressor forms of

T-cells

A person with Type A blood produces ________ antibodies.

Anti-B

The cells that act as the main switch for the adaptive immune response are the

helper T-cells

Which of the following statements is true concerning the contraction of the chambers of the heart during the cardiac cycle?

both the atria contract simultaneously then both the ventricles contract simultaneously

the three mechanisms that move blood (against gravity) from the lower parts of the body to the heart. List them

- valves
-contraction of skeletal muscle
- pressure differences caused by breathing

all of the following are true of antigens except

are Y shaped molecules

all of the following are components of the first line of defense except

interferons

the thin layer of the heart that lines the chambers is the

endocardium

thick muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart are the

arteries

the ________ is the largest lymphoid organ and is responsible for clearing the blood of microorganisms and old red blood cells.

spleen

Which of these structures is located under the cerebral hemispheres and is important in sensory experience (except smell), motor activity, stimulation of the cerebral cortex (cortical arousal), and memory and is known as the gateway to the cerebral cortex?

thalamus

In saltatory conduction, nerve impulses jump form one exposed region of the axon to another. This exposed region is called the

node of Ranvier

which neurotransmitter appears to be associated with energizing "good" feeling emotions and complex movements

dopamine

a new drug interferes with the function of the dendrites of a neuron. What will happen to this neuron?

the neuron cannot be stimulated to send a signal along its axon

Place the events at the synapse between a sending and receiving neuron in the correct order:

1. An action potential begins in the receiving neuron.

2. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.

3. An action potential arrives at an axon terminal.

4. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal.

5. Sodium ions diffuse into the receiving neuron.

6. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.

7. Neurotransmitter molecules bind to the membrane of the receiving neuron.

3,4,6,2,7,5,1

which of the following is part of the middle ear

malleus

________ , which produce the pigment melanin, are found in/at the ________ of the skin

melanocytes; base of the epidermis

the ________ layer of the eye contains melanin and arteries that provide other parts of the eye with nutrients and oxygen

choroid

The [[1]] is as a collection of structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that is involved in emotions and memory.

limbic system

Which is the following is true about the concentration of ions in a resting neuron?

sodium ion concentration is greater outside the cell

which statement best describes the relationship between the white and gray matter in the spinal cord

the gray matter is shaped like an H and is surrounded by the white matter

In a resting neuron, the plasma membrane is charged with

the inside negative relative to the outside

the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is best described as

rest and digest

when you ride your bike to class, you are using the ________ of the cerebrum to move your leg muscles

premotor cortex

what type of receptors are located in the ear

mechanoreceptors

You are generally not aware of the texture of the cloth of your shirt as it rests on your shoulders, unless someone or something happens to make you think of it. This is called Habituation. What network of neurons is responsible for filtering out such stimuli?

reticular activating system

Tunde has started to forget where she puts things and often forgets the names of people she has just met. The part of her brain most likely not performing properly is the

hippocampus

the bending of which structures lead to the nerve signals that are interpreted as sound

stereocilia of hair cells

the ________ system of the ________ sends sensory informationfrom the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons

somatic sensory; PNS

the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue are

Neurons, which generate nerve impulses, and neuroglia cells that support and insulate