BIO101: Lecture 2: Essential Chemistry

A chemical element is also called an ___.

atom

Bulk elements make up the majority of the atoms in your body.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

What type of chemical bond transfers electrons from one atom to another. Salt is a good example molecule.

ionic

What type of chemical bond shares electrons between two atoms. Sugars and proteins are good example molecules.

covalent

Water contains ___ bonds within it, and shares ___ bonds with other water molecules.

Covalent; Hydrogen

In the chemical reaction above, what is (are) the reactant(s)? A+B—>C

A and B

In the chemical reaction above, what is (are) the end product(s)? A+B—>C

C

In order for this reaction to occur, it needs an input of energy. This reaction is called a ___ reaction. A+B—>C

endergonic/anabolic

When this reaction occurs, it releases stored energy. To completely describe this reaction, it is called a ___ reaction. C—> D+E

exergonic/ catabolic

What type of chemical bond does water contain?

covalent

What type of chemical bond does salt contain?

ionic

What part of the atom actually makes the chemical bond?

electron

Atoms that transfer (or swap) electrons have formed a ___ bond.

ionic

What is the "strongest" chemical bond in biology?

covalent

When discussing your diet, anything that is "essential" refers to ___.

Your cells not being able to make it, therefore it must be consumed (or eaten).

The behavior of a molecule depends on its shape. Change its shape, and you impact its ability to function.

true

Generally speaking, when larger molecules are broken up into smaller ones, energy is invested (an input of energy is required).

false

Atoms are not alive, but behave in certain ways because the have certain shapes. Atoms combine into molecules, which are also not alive but behave in a certain way because of their shape.

However, when molecules combine into cells something "magical" happens - cells are alive.

This is part of the "emergent properties" studied in biology, one of the ways in which biology is different than other things that people study.

true

Water is a ____ molecule.

polar

Compared to liquid water, ice has ____ (higher or lower) density.

lower

Compared to liquid water, vapor has ____ (higher or lower) density.

lower

Cohesion and adhesion of water to other water molecules results in the ____ of water.

surface tension

Water regulates the world temperature by

taking a long time to absorb heat, and a long time to release heat

The ____ bond is the strongest chemical bond in biology. (covalent, hydrogen or ionic)

covalent

What kind of chemical bond shares electrons?

covalent

What kind of chemical bond transfers electrons?

ionic

Inside of a water molecule are ____ bonds.

covalent

Between water molecules are ____ bonds.

hydrogens

Endergonic reactions ____ energy.

require

When the sodium atom (Na+) combines with chlorine (Cl-) it forms table salt (NaCl).

What is the end-product of this reaction?

NaCl

When the sodium atom (Na+) combines with chlorine (Cl-) it forms table salt (NaCl).

What kind of chemical bonds are found inside this molecule?

ionic

When the sodium atom (Na+) combines with chlorine (Cl-) it forms table salt (NaCl). What is the most important atom in biology?

carbon

When the sodium atom (Na+) combines with chlorine (Cl-) it forms table salt (NaCl). What is the most important molecule in biology?

water

what makes a nucleus

protons, electrons, neutrons

what is a proton

it is positive

what is a neutron

it is negative

what is a electron

it is negative and surrounds the nucleus to provide energy

how many electrons surround the nucleus

• the first shell has 2 electrons

• the second shell can have up to 8 electrons

what is oxidation

lose an electron

what is reduction

gain an electron

what are the bulk elements

• our bodies are mainly made up of those

• nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

what are the trace elements

phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, magnesium

what makes most of our sugars and lipids

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

True or false: can trace elements be toxic?

true for example having too much salt

what are radioisotopes?

radioactive: breaking apart—> can become a different atom

what number is neutral on the ph scale

7

what number is base/alkyne on the ph scale

8 to 14

what number is acid on the ph scale

6 to 0

what is an example of base/alkyne from the ph scale

cleaners supplies

what is an example of neutral from the ph scale

water

what is an example of acid from the ph scale

vinegar