APUSH UNIT 5 FLASHCARDS

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Mormon settlements in Utah (1847)

The migration of Mormons to Utah, led by Brigham Young, to escape religious persecution and establish a community based on their beliefs.

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California gold rush (1848)

A massive migration to California following the discovery of gold, leading to significant economic growth and the state's rapid population increase.

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Chinese immigration

Large-scale immigration of Chinese workers, particularly during the 19th century, driven by economic opportunities like gold mining and railroad construction.

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Comstock Lode - silver mining in Nevada (1859)

The first major discovery of silver ore in the U.S., leading to a mining boom in Nevada.

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Pike’s Peak gold rush (1858-1861)

A gold rush that brought thousands of settlers to the Colorado Territory, stimulating economic and population growth.

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Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States was destined to expand westward across the continent, justified by cultural and political ideals.

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Election of 1844

Presidential election where James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay, campaigning on expansionist policies like the annexation of Texas and Oregon.

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Slidell Mission (1845)

An unsuccessful U.S. diplomatic mission to purchase California and resolve border disputes with Mexico before the Mexican-American War.

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U.S. annexation of Texas (1845)

The formal incorporation of Texas into the United States, which heightened tensions with Mexico and led to the Mexican-American War.

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Bear Flag Revolt (1846)

A short-lived rebellion by American settlers in California against Mexican rule, leading to the U.S. claiming California.

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Oregon Boundary Treaty (1846)

Agreement between the U.S. and Britain setting the 49th parallel as the border between the U.S. and Canada in the Oregon Territory.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico ceded California and much of the Southwest to the U.S., solidifying U.S. territorial expansion.

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Gadsden Purchase (1853)

The U.S. purchased land from Mexico to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

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Pony Express (1860-1861)

A mail service using horseback riders that connected the eastern U.S. with California, improving communication across the country.

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Wilmot Proviso (1846)

A proposed law to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico; it heightened sectional tensions but failed to pass

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Lincoln’s Spot Resolutions (1846)

Abraham Lincoln's demand for President Polk to specify the exact location where American blood was shed, questioning the justification for the Mexican-American War.

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Free Soil Party (1848)

A political party opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories, emphasizing "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men."

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Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau (1849)

An essay advocating for nonviolent resistance to unjust laws, inspired by Thoreau's opposition to the Mexican-American War.

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Popular Sovereignty

The idea that settlers in a territory should decide for themselves whether to allow slavery.

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Ostend Manifesto (1854)

A controversial document suggesting the U.S. should purchase or seize Cuba from Spain, criticized for its pro-slavery implications.

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Pacific Railway Act (1862)

Legislation providing federal support for the construction of the first transcontinental railroad.0

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Homestead Act (1862)

Allowed citizens to claim 160 acres of public land, encouraging westward settlement and agricultural development.

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Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Provided land for states to establish colleges focused on agriculture and the mechanical arts, boosting higher education.

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Completion of the Union Pacific Railroad (1869)

Marked the completion of the first transcontinental railroad, linking the east and west coasts and transforming transportation and commerce.

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Clipper Ships

Fast sailing ships used in the mid-19th century, especially for trade routes to Asia and California.

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Commodore Matthew Perry’s Expedition to Japan

Perry's 1853-1854 mission opened Japan to trade with the U.S., ending its period of isolation.

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Missionaries

Individuals who spread Christianity, often in foreign territories, contributing to cultural exchange and Western influence.

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Irish Potato Famine

A mid-19th-century famine in Ireland that caused mass starvation and immigration, particularly to the U.S

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Parochial Schools

Private religious schools, often established by Catholic immigrants to preserve their faith and culture.

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Know-Nothings

A political movement opposing immigration and Catholic influence, associated with the American Party.

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American Party

A political party in the mid-19th century advocating for nativist policies and restrictions on immigrants.

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Mariano Vallejo

A prominent Californio who supported U.S. annexation of California, despite losing much of his land and influence.

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Sand Creek Massacre

A brutal 1864 attack by Colorado militia on a peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho village, killing many women and children.

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Battle of Little Bighorn

An 1876 conflict where Lakota and Cheyenne warriors, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, defeated Custer’s U.S. forces.

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Bessemer Process

A method developed in the 1850s for mass-producing steel efficiently and inexpensively, revolutionizing industrialization.

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Liberty Party

A minor political party in the 1840s that advocated for the abolition of slavery through political and legal means.

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Underground Railroad

A network of secret routes and safe houses used to help enslaved people escape to free states and Canada.

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Harriet Tubman

An escaped slave and key conductor on the Underground Railroad, she led hundreds of slaves to freedom.

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that exposed the horrors of slavery, intensifying sectional tensions and abolitionist sentiment.

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Harper’s Ferry (1859)

A raid led by abolitionist John Brown to seize a federal arsenal and incite a slave rebellion, ultimately failing but increasing tensions before the Civil War.

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John C. Calhoun

A prominent Southern politician who defended slavery as a "positive good" and championed states' rights.

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“Positive Good” Thesis

John C. Calhoun's argument that slavery was beneficial for both enslaved people and slaveholders, justifying its continuation.

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Minstrel Shows

A form of 19th-century entertainment featuring white performers in blackface, perpetuating racist stereotypes.

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Compromise of 1850

A series of laws addressing slavery and territorial expansion, including the Fugitive Slave Act and California’s admission as a free state.

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Fugitive Slave Act

Part of the Compromise of 1850, this law required citizens to assist in the capture of escaped slaves and penalized those who helped them.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Allowed territories to decide the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty, leading to violence in “Bleeding Kansas.”

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Bleeding Kansas

A series of violent confrontations in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers following the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Supreme Court decision ruling that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in territories.

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Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas's argument that territories could effectively exclude slavery by failing to adopt laws to protect it, despite the Dred Scott decision.

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Republican Party (1854)

Founded as an anti-slavery party, it opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories and later led the Union during the Civil War.

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A series of debates in 1858 focusing on slavery and its expansion, boosting Lincoln’s national profile.

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Crittenden Compromise (1860)

A last-ditch effort to prevent secession by protecting slavery in Southern territories, ultimately rejected by both sides.

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Southern Secession

The withdrawal of Southern states from the Union following Lincoln’s election, leading to the formation of the Confederacy.

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Confederate States of America

A coalition of seceded Southern states led by Jefferson Davis, fighting to preserve slavery and states’ rights.

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Fort Sumter (1861)

The site of the first battle of the Civil War, where Confederate forces fired on a Union fort in South Carolina.

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Lincoln’s Suspension of Habeas Corpus

During the Civil War, Lincoln suspended the constitutional right to a trial to suppress dissent and maintain public order.

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Conscription Act

A law enacted during the Civil War requiring men to serve in the military, leading to opposition and draft riots.

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Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and advocated for an immediate peace settlement with the Confederacy.

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Draft Riots

Violent protests in 1863, particularly in New York City, against the Civil War draft, fueled by class and racial tensions.

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Trent Affair

A diplomatic incident during the Civil War where Union forces seized Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain.

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Contraband

A term used during the Civil War for escaped slaves who sought refuge with Union forces, often employed in support roles.

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Battle of Antietam

A major Civil War battle in 1862, it was the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history and led to the Emancipation Proclamation.

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Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln in 1863, it declared freedom for slaves in Confederate-held territories, shifting the war’s focus to ending slavery.

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Massachusetts 54th

One of the first African American regiments in the Civil War, known for their bravery in the assault on Fort Wagner.

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Anaconda Plan

The Union's strategy during the Civil War to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River, strangling the Confederacy economically.

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First Battle of Bull Run (1861)

The first major battle of the Civil War, ending in a Confederate victory and shattering the North's hope of a quick war.

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Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

A turning point in the Civil War, this Union victory halted Lee’s invasion of the North.

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Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

A key Union victory that gave the North control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two.

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Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)

A devastating Union campaign through Georgia led by General Sherman, aimed at destroying Confederate resources and morale.

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Appomattox Court House (1865)

The site where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the Civil War.

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13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States, ratified in 1865.

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14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law.

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15th Amendment

Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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National Women’s Suffrage Association (1869)

Founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, advocating for a constitutional amendment for women's voting rights.

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American Women’s Suffrage Association (1869)

Founded by Lucy Stone and others, it supported a state-by-state approach to achieving women's suffrage.

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Radical Republicans

A faction of the Republican Party during Reconstruction that sought to ensure civil rights for freedmen and harsh policies for the South.

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Thaddeus Stevens

A leader of the Radical Republicans, he championed civil rights and land redistribution for freed African Americans.

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Charles Sumner

A Radical Republican senator known for his advocacy for abolition and civil rights, as well as his caning by Preston Brooks.

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Freedmen’s Bureau

Established in 1865 to aid freed slaves and poor whites in the South with education, employment, and housing.

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Black Codes

Laws passed in Southern states during Reconstruction to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans.

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Tenure of Office Act (1867)

A law restricting the president's ability to remove certain officeholders, leading to Andrew Johnson’s impeachment when he violated it.

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Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment

The first impeachment of a U.S. president, stemming from Johnson’s violation of the Tenure of Office Act.

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Congressional (Military) Reconstruction

Reconstruction plan dividing the South into military districts to enforce laws and protect freedmen's rights.

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Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction, often accused of exploiting the region for personal gain.

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Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party, often viewed as traitors by other Southerners.

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Senator Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate, representing Mississippi during Reconstruction.

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Senator Blanche K. Bruce

The second African American senator, also from Mississippi, who advocated for civil rights during Reconstruction.

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Representative Robert Smalls

An African American politician and former slave who became a U.S. Congressman during Reconstruction.

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

A law guaranteeing African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations and jury service, later struck down by the Supreme Court.

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Redeemers

Southern Democrats who sought to end Reconstruction and restore pre-Civil War social order, often through violence and intimidation.

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Sharecropping

A system where freedmen and poor whites rented land from landowners in exchange for a share of the crops, often trapping them in debt.

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Crop-Lien System

A credit system used by sharecroppers and tenant farmers that often led to debt and poverty.

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Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist organization that used terror and violence to suppress African Americans and Republicans during Reconstruction.

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Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

Supreme Court cases that weakened the protections of the 14th Amendment by limiting its application to federal, not state, rights.

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Compromise of 1877

The deal that resolved the 1876 presidential election, leading to the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction.

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Literacy Tests

Exams used in the South to disenfranchise African American voters by requiring literacy or interpretation of laws to vote.

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Grandfather Clause

A law allowing individuals to vote only if their ancestors had voting rights before the Civil War, disenfranchising African Americans.

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Jim Crow Laws

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction.

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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court decision upholding segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, legitimizing Jim Crow laws.