SLP ANAPHY - Unit 6

Respiratory System

Respiration 

this is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells 

Ventilation

the process of breathing air in and out of the lungs (inhaling and exhaling)

Gas Exchange

the process of moving oxygen and removing carbon dioxide between the alveoli and capillaries 

1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

2. External (pulmonary) respiration

3. Internal (tissue) respiration

the 3 processes of supplying oxygen:

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

this is the exchange of gases that occurs within the alveoli of the lungs through inhaling and exhaling

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: inhalation permits oxygen to enter the lungs and exhalation removes carbon dioxide from the lungs

External (pulmonary) respiration

this is the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and capillaries, where they lose carbon dioxide and gain oxygen 

Internal (tissue) respiration

this is the exchange of gases between the blood and systemic capillaries and tissue cells, where tissues lose carbon dioxide and gain oxygen 

Hemoglobin

this is the protein in the blood where oxygen binds to for transport in the bloodstream

Alveoli

this is where gas exchange in the lungs during pulmonary ventilation occurs

Alveoli and Capillaries 

this is where gas exchange during external respiration occurs 

Capillaries and Tissue Cells 

this is where gas exchange during internal respiration occurs 

Structurally and Functionally 

the respiratory structures can be categorized into two:

1. Nose

2. Nasal Cavity

3. Pharynx

4. Associated Structures

structural parts of the upper respiratory system:

1. Larynx 

2. Trachea 

3. Bronchi 

4. Lungs 

structural parts of the lower respiratory system: 

1. Conduction Zone 

2. Respiratory Zone 

the components of the respiratory system can be divided by their function into: 

Conducting Zone

this zone is a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both out and in of the lungs

1. Nose

2. Nasal Cavity

3. Pharynx

4. Larynx

5. Trachea

6. Bronchi and Bronchioles

7. Terminal Bronchioles

these are the parts of the conducting zone:

Respiratory Zone 

this zone is composed of tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs

1. Respiratory Bronchioles

2. Alveolar Ducts 

3. Alveolar Sacs

4. Alveoli 

these are the parts of the respiratory zone: 

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the conducting zone filters water and moistens the air and conducts it to the lungs, while the respiratory zone is the main site where gas exchange occurs

External Nose 

the external entryway of the respiratory system 

Nasal Cavity

this is the internal part of the nose; the large space in the interior aspect of the skull and is superior to the oral cavity

Cartilage and Skin and lined with Mucous Membrane

what is the external framework of the nose composed of?

TRUE 

TRUE or FALSE: the nose is the visible external portion, and the nasal cavity is the internal portion of the skull 

1. Root

2. Apex

3. Bridge

4. Nares

surface anatomy of the nose:

Pharynx 

is a funnel-shaped tube that starts at the nasal pharynx and extends to the cricoid cartilage

Pharynx

this is a passageway for air and food, providing a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils

1. Nasopharynx - at the nasal cavity

2. Oropharynx - back of the mouth

3. Laryngopharynx - in the larynx area

the three anatomical regions of the pharynx 

Larynx (Voice box)

this is a passageway that connects the pharynx and trachea which houses the vocal cords 

9 pairs (3 single, 3 paired)

how many pairs of cartilages does the larynx have?

1. Thyroid Cartilage - the Adam’s Apple

2. Epiglottis - a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage, unattached and free to move like a trap door, that covers the larynx to prevent food from entering 

3. Cricoid Cartilage - a ring of hyaline cartilage and the landmark for making an emergency airway called a tracheostomy

cartilage of the larynx that occur singly:

1. Arytenoid Cartilages - influence changes in position and tension in the vocal cords, because they are the point of attachment of the different muscles for speech

2. Corniculate Cartilages - pieces of elastic cartilage that are located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage 

3. Cuneiform Cartilages - club-shaped cartilage anterior to the corniculate cartilages that support the vocal cords 

cartilage of the larynx that occur in pairs:

Laryngeal Vestibule

portion of the cavity of the larynx above the laryngeal vestibule

Infraglottic Cavity

portion of the cavity pf the larynx below the vocal folds

1. Vestibular Folds - superior pair 

2. Rima Vestibuli - space between 

3. Vocal Folds - inferior pair 

4. Rima Glottidis - space between 

mucous membrane folds and spaces: 

1. Intrinsic Muscles - attach cartilage with each other 

2. Extrinsic Muscles - attach cartilage to other structures outside the throat 

the muscles that move the larynx: 

Phonation

the action of contracting and relaxing the muscles varies the tension in the vocal folds and the air passing through the larynx, which vibrates the vocal folds, producing sound by setting up sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose, and mouth

TRUE 

TRUE or FALSE: the variation in the pitch of the sound is related to the tension of the vocal folds

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the greater the pressure of air, the louder the sound  

TRUE 

TRUE or FALSE: the higher the pitch, the longer the vocal folds stretch, and the louder the volume, the greater the tension of the vocal folds 

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle

when contracted, this muscle pulls the vocal folds together (adduction), closing the rima glottidis

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

when contracted, this muscle pulls the vocal folds apart (abduction)

Trachea (Windpipe)

a tubular passageway for air, located anterior to the esophagus, that extends to the thoracic vertebrae, and divides into right and left primary bronchi

Hyaline Cartilage Rings 

the trachea is covered with ___ which allows it to expand when breathing 

Bronchi

at the superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebrae, they enter the lungs to allow gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

TRUE 

TRUE or FALSE: the right main bronchus is more vertical. shorter, and wider, and is more likely for food to be aspirated in the right main bronchus 

Trachea → Main Bronchi → Lobar and Segmental Bronchi → Terminal Bronchioles → Respiratory Bronchioles → Alveolar Ducts → Alveolar Sacs

airway branching (conduction zone and respiratory zone):

Carina 

the internal ridge that divides the primary bronchi

Lungs 

paired organs in the thoracic cavity, and are separated by the heart and the mediastinum and other organs 

1. Apex - superior part of the lung

2. Base - inferior part of the lung

the lungs are divided into two parts:

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: when inhaling, the lungs expand, and during exhalation, the lungs contract

Pleural Membrane

the lungs are enclosed and protected by a ___

1. Parietal Pleura - external pleura that covers the lungs

2. Visceral Pleura - internal pleura that covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity  

these compose the pleural membrane, and reduce friction during lung movement, protecting the lungs 

• Fissures

• Lobes

FILL IN THE BLANKS: ___ divide the lungs into ___

• Right, 3

• Left, 2

FILL IN THE BLANKS: the ___ lungs has ___ lobes, while the ___ lung has ___ lobes

Oblique Fissure

this is a diagonal fissure divides the lungs into lobes

Horizontal Fissure 

this fissure divides the right lung into 3 lobes

Alveoli (Alveolus)

site where gas exchange occurs - this is where diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream and diffusion of carbon dioxide outside of the bloodstream

Pulmonary Arteries (deoxygenated blood) and Bronchial Arteries (oxygenated blood) 

blood vessels which supply blood to the lungs

Pulmonary Arteries 

these are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood; these arteries carry blood to the lungs to be oxygenated, which flow to the pulmonary veins, and are drained in the left atrium of the heart 

Bronchial Arteries

these arteries perfuse into the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs, supplying oxygenated blood to the lungs

Pulmonary Arteries (Pulmonary Circulation) → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins (Systemic Circulation) → Heart (Left Atrium)

pulmonary and systemic circulation (blood flow from the lungs to the heart): 

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling 

perfusion (blood flow) to the lungs matches the extent of ventilation (airflow) of the alveoli in the area

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

this is the flow of air into and out of the lungs; airflows between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles